{"id":10613,"date":"2022-03-17T13:00:31","date_gmt":"2022-03-17T13:00:31","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/TheNextWeb=1382758"},"modified":"2022-03-17T13:00:31","modified_gmt":"2022-03-17T13:00:31","slug":"ai-helped-map-trips-in-the-brain-which-could-improve-psychiatric-treatments","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/?p=10613","title":{"rendered":"AI helped map \u2018trips\u2019 in the brain \u2014 which could improve psychiatric treatments"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>For the past several decades, psychedelics have been widely stigmatized as dangerous illegal drugs. But a recent <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41583-020-0367-2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">surge of academic research<\/a> into their use to treat psychiatric conditions is spurring a recent shift in public opinion.<\/p>\n<p>Psychedelics are <a href=\"https:\/\/www.healthline.com\/health\/what-is-a-psychotropic-drug\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">psychotropic drugs<\/a>: substances that affect your mental state. Other types of psychotropics include antidepressants and anti-anxiety medications. Psychedelics and other types of hallucinogens, however, are unique in their <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1124\/pr.115.011478\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">ability to temporarily induce<\/a> intense hallucinations, emotions and disruptions of self-awareness.<\/p>\n<p>Researchers looking into the therapeutic potential of these effects have found that psychedelics can dramatically reduce symptoms of <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1177%2F0269881116675513\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">depression and anxiety<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41591-021-01336-3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">PTSD<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/sciadv.abh2399\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">substance abuse<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41583-020-0367-2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">other psychiatric conditions<\/a>. The intense experiences, or \u201ctrips,\u201d that psychedelics induce are thought to create a temporary window of <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41398-021-01706-y\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">cognitive flexibility<\/a> that allows patients to gain access to elusive parts of their psyches and forge better coping skills and thought patterns.<\/p>\n<p>Precisely how psychedelics create these effects, however, is still unclear. So as researchers in <a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/citations?user=pzTU_S4AAAAJ&amp;hl=en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">psychiatry<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/citations?hl=en&amp;user=fOi-AjQAAAAJ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">machine learning<\/a>, we were interested in figuring out how these drugs affect the brain. With artificial intelligence, we were able to <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/sciadv.abl6989\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">map people\u2019s subjective experiences while using psychedelics<\/a> to specific regions of the brain, down to the molecular level.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"align-center zoomable\"><a href=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/452565\/original\/file-20220316-8368-1jfhj0.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=1000&amp;fit=clip\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/452565\/original\/file-20220316-8368-1jfhj0.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip\" sizes=\"(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px\" alt=\"Gloved hands using forceps to remove a mushroom from a beaker to examine on a Petri dish\" class=\"js-lazy\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/452565\/original\/file-20220316-8368-1jfhj0.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=338&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 600w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/452565\/original\/file-20220316-8368-1jfhj0.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=338&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1200w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/452565\/original\/file-20220316-8368-1jfhj0.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=338&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 1800w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/452565\/original\/file-20220316-8368-1jfhj0.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=424&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 754w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/452565\/original\/file-20220316-8368-1jfhj0.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=424&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1508w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/452565\/original\/file-20220316-8368-1jfhj0.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=424&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 2262w\"><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/452565\/original\/file-20220316-8368-1jfhj0.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip\" alt=\"Gloved hands using forceps to remove a mushroom from a beaker to examine on a Petri dish\" class srcset=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/452565\/original\/file-20220316-8368-1jfhj0.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=338&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 600w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/452565\/original\/file-20220316-8368-1jfhj0.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=338&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1200w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/452565\/original\/file-20220316-8368-1jfhj0.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=338&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 1800w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/452565\/original\/file-20220316-8368-1jfhj0.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=424&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 754w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/452565\/original\/file-20220316-8368-1jfhj0.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=424&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1508w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/452565\/original\/file-20220316-8368-1jfhj0.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=424&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 2262w\"><\/noscript><\/a><figcaption><span class=\"caption\">Psilocybin, a psychoactive compound found in some mushrooms, has been the focus of many studies for its potential therapeutic qualities.<\/span><br \/><span class=\"attribution\"><a class=\"source\" href=\"https:\/\/www.gettyimages.com\/detail\/photo\/psilocybin-and-magic-mushrooms-royalty-free-image\/1316793235\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">24K-Production\/iStock via Getty Images<\/a><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2>Mapping \u2018trips\u2019 in the brain<\/h2>\n<p>Every psychedelic functions differently in the body, and each of the subjective experiences these drugs create have different therapeutic effects. <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1177%2F0269881108094300\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">Mystical type experiences<\/a>, or feelings of unity and oneness with the world, for example, are associated with decreases in depression and anxiety. Knowing how each psychedelic creates these specific effects in the body can help clinicians <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/sciadv.abp8283\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">optimize their therapeutic use<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>To better understand how these subjective effects manifest in the brain, we analyzed over 6,000 written testimonials of hallucinogenic experiences from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.erowid.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">Erowid Center<\/a>, an organization that collects and provides information about psychoactive substances. We transformed these testimonials into what\u2019s called a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.codecademy.com\/learn\/dscp-natural-language-processing\/modules\/dscp-bag-of-words\/cheatsheet\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">bag-of-words model<\/a>, which breaks down a given text into individual words and counts how many times each word appears. We then paired the most commonly used words linked to each psychedelic with receptors in the brain that are known to bind to each drug. After using <a href=\"https:\/\/stats.oarc.ucla.edu\/stata\/dae\/canonical-correlation-analysis\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">an algorithm<\/a> to extract the most common subjective experiences associated with these word-receptor pairs, we mapped these experiences onto different brain regions by matching them to the types of receptors present in each area.<\/p>\n<figure><figcaption><span class=\"caption\"> <\/p>\n<figure>\n<p> <iframe srcdoc=\"\n\n<style>*{padding:0;margin:0;overflow:hidden}html,body{background:#000;height:100%}img{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;object-fit:cover;transition:opacity .1s cubic-bezier(0.4,0,1,1)}a:hover img+img{opacity:1!important}<\/style>\n<p><a href='https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/fOvTtapxa9c?feature=oembed&amp;autoplay=1&amp;mute=1&amp;modestbranding=1&amp;iv_load_policy=3&amp;theme=light&amp;playsinline=1'><img src='https:\/\/img.youtube.com\/vi\/fOvTtapxa9c\/hqdefault.jpg'><img src='https:\/\/cdn0.tnwcdn.com\/wp-content\/themes\/cyberdelia\/assets\/img\/ytplaybtn.png' style='top: 50%;left:50%;width:68px;height:48px;transform:translate3d(-50%,-50%,0)'><img src='https:\/\/cdn0.tnwcdn.com\/wp-content\/themes\/cyberdelia\/assets\/img\/ytplaybtn-hover.png' style='top: 50%;left:50%;width:68px;height:48px;opacity:0;transform:translate3d(-50%,-50%,0)'><\/a>&#8221; height=&#8221;240&#8243; width=&#8221;320&#8243; allow=&#8221;accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture&#8221; allowfullscreen frameborder=&#8221;0&#8243;>[embedded content]<\/iframe> <\/p>\n<\/figure>\n<p> <!--resp-video-container--><br \/>Natural language processing, which allows computers to interpret human languages, helped in analyzing subjective psychedelic experiences.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>We found both new links and patterns that confirm what\u2019s known in the research literature. For example, changes in sensory perception were associated with a <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2015.00225\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">serotonin receptor<\/a> in the visual cortex of the brain, which binds to a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.verywellmind.com\/what-is-serotonin-425327\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">molecule<\/a> that helps regulate mood and memory. Feelings of transcendence were connected to dopamine and opioid receptors in the <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1138-17.2019\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">salience network<\/a>, a collection of brain regions involved in managing sensory and emotional input. Auditory hallucinations were linked to a number of receptors spread throughout the <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/schbul\/sbw130\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">auditory cortex<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Our findings also align with the <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1124\/pr.118.017160\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">leading hypothesis<\/a> that psychedelics temporarily reduce <a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1146%2Fannurev-psych-113011-143750\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">top-down executive function<\/a>, or cognitive processes involved in inhibition, attention and memory, among others, while amplifying brain regions involved in sensory experience.<\/p>\n<h2>Why it matters<\/h2>\n<p>The U.S. is going through a profound <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hhs.gov\/about\/news\/2021\/12\/07\/us-surgeon-general-issues-advisory-on-youth-mental-health-crisis-further-exposed-by-covid-19-pandemic.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">mental health crisis<\/a> that has been exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. Yet there have been no truly new psychiatric drug treatments since Prozac and other selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, the most common type of antidepressants, of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/society\/2016\/jan\/27\/prozac-next-psychiatric-wonder-drug-research-medicine-mental-illness\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">1980s<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Our study shows that it\u2019s possible to map the diverse and wildly subjective psychedelic experiences to specific regions in the brain. These insights may lead to new ways to combine existing or yet to be discovered compounds to produce desired treatment effects for a range of psychiatric conditions.<\/p>\n<p>Pychiatrist <a href=\"https:\/\/maps.org\/product\/lsd-psychotherapy\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">Stanislav Grof<\/a> famously proposed, \u201c[P]sychedelics, used responsibly and with proper caution, would be for psychiatry what the microscope is to the study of biology and medicine or the telescope for astronomy.\u201d As psychedelics and other hallucinogens become more commonly used clinically and culturally, we believe more research will <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/sciadv.abp8283\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">further illuminate the biological basis<\/a> of the experiences they invoke and help realize their potential.<\/p>\n<p>[<em>More than 150,000 readers get one of The Conversation\u2019s informative newsletters.<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/memberservices.theconversation.com\/newsletters\/?source=inline-150K\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">Join the list today<\/a>.]<!-- Below is The Conversation's page counter tag. Please DO NOT REMOVE. --><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/counter.theconversation.com\/content\/179263\/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic\" alt=\"The Conversation\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" class=\"js-lazy\"><!-- End of code. If you don't see any code above, please get new code from the Advanced tab after you click the republish button. The page counter does not collect any personal data. More info: https:\/\/theconversation.com\/republishing-guidelines --><\/p>\n<p><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/counter.theconversation.com\/content\/179263\/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic\" alt=\"The Conversation\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" class><\/noscript><\/p>\n<p><em>This article by <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/galen-ballentine-1328398\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">Galen Ballentine<\/a>, Resident in Psychiatry, <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/suny-downstate-health-sciences-university-4742\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/sam-friedman-1328746\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">Sam Friedman<\/a>, Machine Learning Scientist at the Broad Institute of MIT &amp;, <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/harvard-university-1306\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">Harvard University<\/a>, is republished from <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">The Conversation<\/a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/ai-maps-psychedelic-trip-experiences-to-regions-of-the-brain-opening-new-route-to-psychiatric-treatments-179263\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">original article<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n<p> <a href=\"https:\/\/thenextweb.com\/news\/ai-helped-map-trips-in-the-brain-which-could-improve-psychiatric-treatments\">Source<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>For the past several decades, psychedelics have been widely stigmatized as dangerous illegal drugs. But a recent surge of academic research into their use to treat psychiatric conditions is spurring a recent&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":10614,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[1],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10613"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=10613"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10613\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/10614"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=10613"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=10613"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=10613"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}