{"id":11808,"date":"2022-06-29T11:26:00","date_gmt":"2022-06-29T11:26:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/TheNextWeb=1388816"},"modified":"2022-06-29T11:26:00","modified_gmt":"2022-06-29T11:26:00","slug":"ai-models-can-sound-human-but-that-doesnt-mean-they-feel-or-think","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/?p=11808","title":{"rendered":"AI models can \u2018sound\u2019 human, but that doesn\u2019t mean they feel or think"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>When you read a sentence like this one, your past experience tells you that it\u2019s written by a thinking, feeling human. And, in this case, there is indeed a human typing these words: [Hi, there!] But these days, some sentences that appear remarkably humanlike are actually generated by artificial intelligence systems trained on massive amounts of human text.<\/p>\n<p>People are so accustomed to assuming that fluent language comes from a thinking, feeling human that evidence to the contrary can be difficult to wrap your head around. How are people likely to navigate this relatively uncharted territory? Because of a persistent tendency to associate fluent expression with fluent thought, it is natural \u2013 but potentially misleading \u2013 to think that if an AI model can express itself fluently, that means it thinks and feels just like humans do.<\/p>\n<p>Thus, it is perhaps unsurprising that a former Google engineer recently claimed that Google\u2019s AI system LaMDA has a sense of self because it can eloquently generate text about its purported feelings. This event and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/technology\/2022\/06\/11\/google-ai-lamda-blake-lemoine\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">the subsequent media coverage<\/a> led to a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/2022\/06\/17\/google-ai-ethics-sentient-lemoine-warning\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">number<\/a> of rightly skeptical <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/commentisfree\/2022\/jun\/14\/human-like-programs-abuse-our-empathy-even-google-engineers-arent-immune\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">articles<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/garymarcus.substack.com\/p\/nonsense-on-stilts?s=r\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">posts<\/a> about the claim that computational models of human language are sentient, meaning capable of thinking and feeling and experiencing.<\/p>\n<div class=\"inarticle-wrapper neural channel-cta hs-embed-tnw\">\n<div id=\"hs-embed-tnw\" class=\"channel-cta-wrapper\" readability=\"6\">\n<div class=\"channel-cta-img\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3.amazonaws.com\/uploads.tnw\/uploads\/neural-newsletter_header-1.gif\"><\/div>\n<p><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"src='https:\/\/s3.amazonaws.com\/uploads.tnw\/uploads\/neural-newsletter_header-1.gif'\"><\/noscript><\/p>\n<div class=\"channel-cta-input\" readability=\"7\">\n<h2 class=\"channel-cta-title\">Greetings, humanoids<\/h2>\n<p class=\"channel-cta-tagline\">Subscribe to our newsletter now for a weekly recap of our favorite AI stories in your inbox.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>The question of what it would mean for an AI model to be sentient is complicated (<a href=\"https:\/\/threadreaderapp.com\/thread\/1536829311562354688.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">see, for instance, our colleague\u2019s take<\/a>), and our goal here is not to settle it. But as <a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/citations?user=XUmFLVUAAAAJ&amp;hl=en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">language<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/citations?user=hBUjCB0AAAAJ&amp;hl=en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">researchers<\/a>, we can use our work in cognitive science and linguistics to explain why it is all too easy for humans to fall into the cognitive trap of thinking that an entity that can use language fluently is sentient, conscious or intelligent.<\/p>\n<h2>Using AI to generate humanlike language<\/h2>\n<p>Text generated by models like Google\u2019s LaMDA can be hard to distinguish from text written by humans. This impressive achievement is a result of a decadeslong program to build models that generate grammatical, meaningful language.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"align-center zoomable\"><a href=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/470359\/original\/file-20220622-12-qbrh9n.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=1000&amp;fit=clip\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/470359\/original\/file-20220622-12-qbrh9n.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip\" sizes=\"(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px\" alt=\"a screenshot showing a text dialog\" class=\"js-lazy\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/470359\/original\/file-20220622-12-qbrh9n.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=328&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 600w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/470359\/original\/file-20220622-12-qbrh9n.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=328&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1200w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/470359\/original\/file-20220622-12-qbrh9n.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=328&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 1800w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/470359\/original\/file-20220622-12-qbrh9n.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=413&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 754w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/470359\/original\/file-20220622-12-qbrh9n.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=413&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1508w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/470359\/original\/file-20220622-12-qbrh9n.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=413&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 2262w\"><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/470359\/original\/file-20220622-12-qbrh9n.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip\" alt=\"a screenshot showing a text dialog\" class srcset=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/470359\/original\/file-20220622-12-qbrh9n.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=328&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 600w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/470359\/original\/file-20220622-12-qbrh9n.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=328&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1200w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/470359\/original\/file-20220622-12-qbrh9n.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=328&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 1800w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/470359\/original\/file-20220622-12-qbrh9n.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=413&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 754w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/470359\/original\/file-20220622-12-qbrh9n.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=413&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1508w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/470359\/original\/file-20220622-12-qbrh9n.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=413&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 2262w\"><\/noscript><\/a><figcaption><span class=\"caption\">The first computer system to engage people in dialogue was psychotherapy software called Eliza, built more than half a century ago.<\/span><br \/><span class=\"attribution\"><a class=\"source\" href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/rosenfeldmedia\/49467507798\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">Rosenfeld Media\/Flickr<\/a>, <a class=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">CC BY<\/a><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Early versions dating back to at least the 1950s, known as n-gram models, simply counted up occurrences of specific phrases and used them to guess what words were likely to occur in particular contexts. For instance, it\u2019s easy to know that \u201cpeanut butter and jelly\u201d is a more likely phrase than \u201cpeanut butter and pineapples.\u201d If you have enough English text, you will see the phrase \u201cpeanut butter and jelly\u201d again and again but might never see the phrase \u201cpeanut butter and pineapples.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Today\u2019s models, sets of data and rules that approximate human language, differ from these early attempts in several important ways. First, they are trained on essentially the entire internet. Second, they can learn relationships between words that are far apart, not just words that are neighbors. Third, they are tuned by a huge number of internal \u201cknobs\u201d \u2013 so many that it is hard for even the engineers who design them to understand why they generate one sequence of words rather than another.<\/p>\n<p>The models\u2019 task, however, remains the same as in the 1950s: determine which word is likely to come next. Today, they are so good at this task that almost all sentences they generate seem fluid and grammatical.<\/p>\n<h2>Peanut butter and pineapples?<\/h2>\n<p>We asked a large language model, <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/a-language-generation-programs-ability-to-write-articles-produce-code-and-compose-poetry-has-wowed-scientists-145591\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">GPT-3<\/a>, to complete the sentence \u201cPeanut butter and pineapples___\u201d. It said: \u201cPeanut butter and pineapples are a great combination. The sweet and savory flavors of peanut butter and pineapple complement each other perfectly.\u201d If a person said this, one might infer that they had tried peanut butter and pineapple together, formed an opinion and shared it with the reader.<\/p>\n<p>But how did GPT-3 come up with this paragraph? By generating a word that fit the context we provided. And then another one. And then another one. The model never saw, touched or tasted pineapples \u2013 it just processed all the texts on the internet that mention them. And yet reading this paragraph can lead the human mind \u2013 even that of a Google engineer \u2013 to imagine GPT-3 as an intelligent being that can reason about peanut butter and pineapple dishes.<\/p>\n<figure>\n<p> <iframe srcdoc=\"\n\n<style>*{padding:0;margin:0;overflow:hidden}html,body{background:#000;height:100%}img{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;object-fit:cover;transition:opacity .1s cubic-bezier(0.4,0,1,1)}a:hover img+img{opacity:1!important}<\/style>\n<p><a href='https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/a6jt3Vufa9U?feature=oembed&amp;autoplay=1&amp;mute=1&amp;modestbranding=1&amp;iv_load_policy=3&amp;theme=light&amp;playsinline=1'><img src='https:\/\/img.youtube.com\/vi\/a6jt3Vufa9U\/hqdefault.jpg'><img src='https:\/\/cdn0.tnwcdn.com\/wp-content\/themes\/cyberdelia\/assets\/img\/ytplaybtn.png' style='top: 50%;left:50%;width:68px;height:48px;transform:translate3d(-50%,-50%,0)'><img src='https:\/\/cdn0.tnwcdn.com\/wp-content\/themes\/cyberdelia\/assets\/img\/ytplaybtn-hover.png' style='top: 50%;left:50%;width:68px;height:48px;opacity:0;transform:translate3d(-50%,-50%,0)'><\/a>&#8221; height=&#8221;240&#8243; width=&#8221;320&#8243; allow=&#8221;accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture&#8221; allowfullscreen frameborder=&#8221;0&#8243;>[embedded content]<\/iframe> <\/p>\n<\/figure>\n<p> <!--resp-video-container--><\/p>\n<p>Large AI language models can engage in fluent conversation. However, they have no overall message to communicate, so their phrases often follow common literary tropes, extracted from the texts they were trained on. For instance, if prompted with the topic \u201cthe nature of love,\u201d the model might generate sentences about believing that love conquers all. The human brain primes the viewer to interpret these words as the model\u2019s opinion on the topic, but they are simply a plausible sequence of words.<\/p>\n<p>The human brain is hardwired to infer intentions behind words. Every time you engage in conversation, your mind automatically constructs a mental model of your conversation partner. You then use the words they say to fill in the model with that person\u2019s goals, feelings and beliefs.<\/p>\n<p>The process of jumping from words to the mental model is seamless, getting triggered every time you receive a fully fledged sentence. This cognitive process saves you a lot of time and effort in everyday life, greatly facilitating your social interactions.<\/p>\n<p>However, in the case of AI systems, it misfires \u2013 building a mental model out of thin air.<\/p>\n<p>A little more probing can reveal the severity of this misfire. Consider the following prompt: \u201cPeanut butter and feathers taste great together because___\u201d. GPT-3 continued: \u201cPeanut butter and feathers taste great together because they both have a nutty flavor. Peanut butter is also smooth and creamy, which helps to offset the feather\u2019s texture.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>The text in this case is as fluent as our example with pineapples, but this time the model is saying something decidedly less sensible. One begins to suspect that GPT-3 has never actually tried peanut butter and feathers.<\/p>\n<h2>Ascribing intelligence to machines, denying it to humans<\/h2>\n<p>A sad irony is that the same cognitive bias that makes people ascribe humanity to GPT-3 can cause them to treat actual humans in inhumane ways. Sociocultural linguistics \u2013 the study of language in its social and cultural context \u2013 shows that assuming an overly tight link between fluent expression and fluent thinking can lead to bias against people who speak differently.<\/p>\n<p>For instance, people with a foreign accent are often <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/heres-why-people-might-discriminate-against-foreign-accents-new-research-172539\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">perceived as less intelligent<\/a> and are less likely to get the jobs they are qualified for. Similar biases exist against <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/british-people-still-think-some-accents-are-smarter-than-others-what-that-means-in-the-workplace-126964\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">speakers of dialects<\/a> that are not considered prestigious, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080%2F17470218.2012.731695\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">such as Southern English<\/a> in the U.S., against <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177%2F0160597613481731\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">deaf people using sign languages<\/a> and against people with speech impediments <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jfludis.2004.08.001\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">such as stuttering<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>These biases are deeply harmful, often lead to racist and sexist assumptions, and have been shown again and again to be unfounded.<\/p>\n<h2>Fluent language alone does not imply humanity<\/h2>\n<p>Will AI ever become sentient? This question requires deep consideration, and indeed philosophers have <a href=\"https:\/\/news.northeastern.edu\/2022\/06\/16\/google-sentient-ai-concerns\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">pondered<\/a> it <a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/BF00360578\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">for decades<\/a>. What researchers have determined, however, is that you cannot simply trust a language model when it tells you how it feels. Words can be misleading, and it is all too easy to mistake fluent speech for fluent thought.<!-- Below is The Conversation's page counter tag. Please DO NOT REMOVE. --><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/counter.theconversation.com\/content\/185099\/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic\" alt=\"The Conversation\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" class=\"js-lazy\"><!-- End of code. If you don't see any code above, please get new code from the Advanced tab after you click the republish button. The page counter does not collect any personal data. More info: https:\/\/theconversation.com\/republishing-guidelines --><\/p>\n<p><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/counter.theconversation.com\/content\/185099\/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic\" alt=\"The Conversation\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" class><\/noscript><\/p>\n<p><em>This article by <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/kyle-mahowald-1354171\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">Kyle Mahowald<\/a>, Assistant Professor of Linguistics, <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/the-university-of-texas-at-austin-college-of-liberal-arts-4975\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">The University of Texas at Austin College of Liberal Arts<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/anna-a-ivanova-1354170\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">Anna A. Ivanova<\/a>, PhD Candidate in Brain and Cognitive Sciences, <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/massachusetts-institute-of-technology-mit-1193\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)<\/a>, is republished from <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">The Conversation<\/a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/googles-powerful-ai-spotlights-a-human-cognitive-glitch-mistaking-fluent-speech-for-fluent-thought-185099\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">original article<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n<p> <a href=\"https:\/\/thenextweb.com\/news\/ai-models-can-sound-human-but-that-doesnt-mean-they-feel-or-think\">Source<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>When you read a sentence like this one, your past experience tells you that it\u2019s written by a thinking, feeling human. And, in this case, there is indeed a human typing these&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":11809,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[1],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11808"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=11808"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11808\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/11809"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=11808"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=11808"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=11808"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}