{"id":1315,"date":"2020-11-22T16:00:43","date_gmt":"2020-11-22T16:00:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/thenextweb.com\/?p=1328935"},"modified":"2020-11-22T16:00:43","modified_gmt":"2020-11-22T16:00:43","slug":"enjoy-stargazing-while-you-can-spacex-starlink-is-about-to-ruin-it","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/?p=1315","title":{"rendered":"Enjoy stargazing while you can, SpaceX Starlink is about to ruin it"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>I walk outside my rural Saskatchewan house before dawn and look up, expecting to have my breath taken away by the sheer number of stars overhead. I\u2019m a professional astronomer, but I still appreciate naked-eye stargazing as much as an eager child. This is the first place I\u2019ve lived that\u2019s dark enough to easily see the Milky Way, and I\u2019m stunned and awed every time I look up.<\/p>\n<p>This time though, I curse softly. There\u2019s a bright satellite. And another following behind. And another. And another.<\/p>\n<p>I used to be excited about seeing <a href=\"https:\/\/www.heavens-above.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">artificial satellites<\/a>, but now I know what\u2019s coming. We\u2019re about to undergo a dramatic transition in our experience of satellites. No longer will you escape your city for a camping trip and see the stars unobstructed: you will have to look through a grid of crawling, bright satellites no matter how remote your location.<\/p>\n<p><em>[Read: <span class=\"c-message_attachment__title\"><a class=\"c-link c-message_attachment__title_link\" href=\"https:\/\/thenextweb.com\/neural\/2020\/11\/09\/neurals-market-outlook-for-artificial-intelligence-in-2021-and-beyond\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" data-qa=\"message_attachment_title_link\"><span dir=\"auto\">Neural\u2019s market outlook for artificial intelligence in 2021 and beyond<\/span><\/a>]<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<h2>Crowded orbits<\/h2>\n<p>If mega-constellations of satellites become reality, the night sky will become a mundane highway of moving lights, obscuring the stars. Now, every time I see the bright reflection of a satellite tracking across the stars, I am reminded of what has already been approved by the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.fcc.gov\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">United States Federal Communications Commission<\/a> \u2014 the agency that regulates frequencies broadcast by satellites over the U.S., effectively putting itself in charge of regulating every space launch on the planet.<\/p>\n<p>SpaceX has already received approval for 12,000 Starlink satellites and <a href=\"https:\/\/fcc.report\/IBFS\/SAT-LOA-20200526-00055\/2378669.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">is seeking approval for 30,000 more<\/a>. Other companies are <a href=\"https:\/\/arstechnica.com\/tech-policy\/2020\/05\/spacex-and-oneweb-seek-licenses-to-launch-78000-broadband-satellites\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">not far behind<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>The Starlink mega-constellation itself would increase the number of active satellites more than tenfold: there are around <a href=\"https:\/\/ucsusa.org\/resources\/satellite-database?_ga=2.206523283.1848871521.1598077135-464362950.1598077135\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">3,000 active satellites in orbit<\/a>; current Starlinks are <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/science\/archive\/2020\/02\/spacex-starlink-astronomy\/606169\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">brighter than 99% of them<\/a> because they are in lower orbits, closer to the surface of Earth, and more reflective than Starlink engineers predicted.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rocketlaunch.live\/?includePast=1&amp;tag=series-spacex-starlink\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">SpaceX is launching<\/a> sets of 60 satellites every couple of weeks, and there will be <a href=\"https:\/\/www.space.com\/spacex-starlink-satellites-launch-rocket-landing-oct-18-2020\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">a thousand Starlinks<\/a> in orbit by Christmas 2020.<\/p>\n<figure><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/Y6LoQhaWl04?wmode=transparent&amp;start=0\" width=\"440\" height=\"260\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\">[embedded content]<\/iframe><figcaption><span class=\"caption\">In the video above, a time-lapse photography of the Lyrid meteor shower from April 2020. At the 0:50 mark, a train of Starlink satellites zooms through the landscape.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>With the naked eye, stargazing from a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pc.gc.ca\/en\/voyage-travel\/experiences\/ciel-sky\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">dark-sky location<\/a> allows you to see <a href=\"https:\/\/skyandtelescope.org\/astronomy-resources\/how-many-stars-night-sky-09172014\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">about 4,500 stars<\/a>. From a typical suburban location, you can see about 400. Simulations show that from 52 degrees north (the latitude of both Saskatoon and London, U.K.) <a href=\"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.3847\/2041-8213\/ab8016\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">hundreds of Starlinks will be visible for a couple of hours after sunset and before sunrise<\/a> (comparable to the number of visible stars) and dozens of these will be visible all night during the summer months.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.darksky.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">Light pollution<\/a> has long been a threat to stargazing, but at least that can be <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cleardarksky.com\/maps\/lp\/large_light_pollution_map.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">escaped by leaving urban centers<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>But satellites will be a global star-obscuring phenomenon, particularly bad at the latitudes of northern U.S. states, Canada, and much of Europe.<\/p>\n<h2>Stellar sacrifices<\/h2>\n<p>To their credit, SpaceX and Amazon \u2014 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-usa-amazon-broadband-idUSKCN24V3F2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">which is also investing in satellite internet services<\/a> \u2014 have voluntarily started participating in discussions with professional astronomers on possible ways to mitigate the effects of thousands of bright satellites on specific observations, like interstellar objects.<\/p>\n<p>SpaceX did also try a \u201cdarksat\u201d coating, though <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1051\/0004-6361\/202037958\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">preliminary measurements by astronomers<\/a> showed that it was <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scientificamerican.com\/article\/spacexs-dark-satellites-are-still-too-bright-for-astronomers\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">only marginally fainter<\/a> than other Starlinks. Meanwhile, launches continue with unmitigated, bright Starlinks.<\/p>\n<p>Simulations show that <a href=\"http:\/\/doi.org\/10.3847\/1538-3881\/abba3e\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">professional astronomy<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencealert.com\/yep-starlink-totally-photobombed-a-beautiful-image-of-comet-neowise\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">amateur astrophotography<\/a> will be severely affected by bright mega-constellations. Discoveries of hazardous near-Earth asteroids will be <a href=\"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.3847\/2041-8213\/ab8016\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">particularly devastated<\/a> by the hundreds of Starlinks confusing their targets, leaving Earth more <a href=\"https:\/\/cneos.jpl.nasa.gov\/ca\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">vulnerable<\/a> to <a href=\"https:\/\/impact.ese.ic.ac.uk\/ImpactEarth\/ImpactEffects\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">world-altering impacts<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>The point of the Starlink mega-constellation is to provide global internet access. It is often stated by Starlink supporters that this will provide internet access to places on the globe not currently served by other communication technologies. But currently, available <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2020\/10\/27\/spacex-starlink-service-priced-at-99-a-month-public-beta-test-begins.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">information<\/a> shows the <a href=\"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.3847\/2515-5172\/abc48e\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">cost of access will be too high<\/a> in <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/chmn_victor\/status\/1237493283879821314\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">nearly every location that needs internet access<\/a>. Thus, Starlink will likely only provide an <a href=\"https:\/\/notnotrocketscience.substack.com\/p\/who-owns-the-greater-good\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">alternate for residents of wealthy countries<\/a> who already have other ways of accessing the internet.<\/p>\n<h2>Crowding the night sky<\/h2>\n<p>Even if SpaceX changes its plans, other companies are <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scientificamerican.com\/article\/the-risky-rush-for-mega-constellations\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">actively developing separate megaconstellations<\/a>, and <a href=\"https:\/\/arstechnica.com\/tech-policy\/2020\/05\/spacex-and-oneweb-seek-licenses-to-launch-78000-broadband-satellites\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">there are more in the works<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Currently, there are no rules about satellite orbits or right-of-way, and if a collision (or multiple collisions) should occur, it\u2019s not clear who would be at fault and who would have to clean up the debris (if that is even possible to do). The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.unoosa.org\/oosa\/en\/ourwork\/spacelaw\/treaties\/introliability-convention.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">only international law that applies to satellite debris<\/a>, from 1972, basically says that the country who launched the satellite has to clean up any mess it leaves on the surface of the Earth after crashing.<\/p>\n<figure><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/IOwv1j-fUbo?wmode=transparent&amp;start=0\" width=\"440\" height=\"260\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\">[embedded content]<\/iframe><\/figure>\n<p>Most satellites today are launched by private companies not governments, and most satellite debris <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theglobeandmail.com\/opinion\/article-we-are-polluting-outer-space-its-time-to-clean-up-our-orbit\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">remains abandoned in orbit<\/a>, because there are no rules about <a href=\"https:\/\/thewalrus.ca\/space-why-we-need-to-clean-up-outer-space\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">clean-up<\/a>. There are <a href=\"https:\/\/platform.leolabs.space\/visualization\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">thousands of pieces of this space junk<\/a>, ranging in size from bolts to bus-sized dead satellites.<\/p>\n<p>With tens of thousands of new satellites approved for launch, and no laws about orbit crowding, right-of-way or space cleanup, the stage is set for the disastrous possibility of <a href=\"http:\/\/www.esa.int\/Enabling_Support\/Space_Engineering_Technology\/The_Kessler_Effect_and_how_to_stop_it\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">Kessler Syndrome<\/a>, a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.spacelegalissues.com\/space-law-the-kessler-syndrome\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">runaway cascade<\/a> of debris that could <a href=\"https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/space-junk-kessler-syndrome-chain-reaction-prevention-2018-3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">destroy most satellites in orbit<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.spacepol.2018.03.003\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">prevent launches for decades<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h2>Losing our connections<\/h2>\n<p>As human beings, we have deep connections to the stars that extend back to the dawn of humanity, and, indeed, we are <a href=\"https:\/\/www.space.com\/35276-humans-made-of-stardust-galaxy-life-elements.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">made of material from ancient stars<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nativeskywatchers.com\/about.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">Native Skywatchers<\/a> program celebrates humanity\u2019s time-honored love of the night sky and shares <a href=\"https:\/\/medium.com\/@hildingneilson\/indigenizing-astronomy-reading-list-66cdec04a8af\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">Indigenous knowledge of astronomy<\/a>. A Dakota Elder recently shared <a href=\"https:\/\/vimeo.com\/472291678\/db5b43f689\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">her traditional knowledge of the skies<\/a>: the Blue Woman spirit <a href=\"http:\/\/www.kstrom.net\/isk\/stars\/starwint.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">To Wi\u014b<\/a> lives in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nativeskywatchers.com\/articles\/DakotaLateFall-map-2020-10-29-20-FLAT.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">Wichakiyuhapi (the Big Dipper)<\/a>, where she guides new babies from the Star Nation into our world and waits to greet our spirits at the door as we leave our world.<\/p>\n<p>Large corporations like SpaceX and Amazon will only respond to legislation \u2014 which is slow, especially for international legislation \u2014 and consumer pressure. Is having another source of internet worth losing access to unobstructed stargazing for yourself and nearly every other person on the planet? Our species has been stargazing for thousands of years, do we really want to lose access now for the profit of a few large corporations?<\/p>\n<p>On your next clear night, go outside and look up. Enjoy the stars that you can see now, because without <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scientificamerican.com\/article\/the-fccs-approval-of-spacexs-starlink-mega-constellation-may-have-been-unlawful\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">big<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencealert.com\/astonomers-have-serious-concerns-about-satellite-constellations-like-starlink\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">changes<\/a> in the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theglobeandmail.com\/politics\/article-canadian-led-effort-asking-united-nations-to-draw-up-global-space\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">plans<\/a> of corporations that want to launch mega-constellations, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.astro.princeton.edu\/%7Egbakos\/satellites\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">your view<\/a> of the stars is about to change dramatically.<!-- Below is The Conversation's page counter tag. Please DO NOT REMOVE. --><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/counter.theconversation.com\/content\/149516\/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic\" alt=\"The Conversation\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" class=\" lazy\" data-lazy=\"true\"><!-- End of code. If you don't see any code above, please get new code from the Advanced tab after you click the republish button. The page counter does not collect any personal data. More info: https:\/\/theconversation.com\/republishing-guidelines --><\/p>\n<p><em>This article is republished from <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">The Conversation<\/a> by <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/samantha-lawler-885392\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">Samantha Lawler<\/a>, Assistant professor of astronomy, <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/university-of-regina-3498\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">University of Regina<\/a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/spacexs-starlink-satellites-are-about-to-ruin-stargazing-for-everyone-149516\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">original article<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n<p> <a href=\"https:\/\/thenextweb.com\/syndication\/2020\/11\/22\/enjoy-stargazing-while-you-can-spacex-starlink-is-about-to-ruin-it\/\">Source<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>I walk outside my rural Saskatchewan house before dawn and look up, expecting to have my breath taken away by the sheer number of stars overhead. I\u2019m a professional astronomer, but I&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1316,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[1],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1315"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1315"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1315\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/1316"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1315"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1315"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1315"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}