{"id":15235,"date":"2024-06-28T10:30:22","date_gmt":"2024-06-28T10:30:22","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/TheNextWeb=1407903"},"modified":"2024-06-28T10:30:22","modified_gmt":"2024-06-28T10:30:22","slug":"lynn-conway-finally-receives-recognition-for-rocketing-chip-design-into-the-future","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/?p=15235","title":{"rendered":"Lynn Conway finally receives recognition for rocketing chip design into the future"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Lynn Conway may hold the record for longest delay between being unfairly fired and receiving an apology for it. In 1968, <a href=\"https:\/\/thenextweb.com\/topic\/ibm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">IBM<\/a> \u2014 a company that now covers its logo in a rainbow flag each June for Pride Month \u2014 fired Conway when she expressed her intention to transition. She died on June 9, 2024 at age 86. IBM eventually apologised to the now-famous computing expert, but <a href=\"https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/jeremyalicandri\/2020\/11\/18\/ibm-apologizes-for-firing-computer-pioneer\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">only 52 years later<\/a>, when Conway was 82 years old.<\/p>\n<p>Although Conway\u2019s start as a trans woman while at IBM was inauspicious, she quickly found a new job under her post-transition name and identity at the prestigious Xerox PARC and for many years kept the fact that she was trans from her employers to avoid being unfairly dismissed again. In so doing, Conway escaped becoming a target of the <a href=\"https:\/\/laist.com\/shows\/airtalk\/renee-richards\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">sensationalistic and harmful news coverage<\/a> about trans people that dominated mainstream media in the 20th century. At the same time, however, this meant she was also not able to fully tell her story.<\/p>\n<p>Even today, mainstream media coverage of trans people often positions them as <a href=\"https:\/\/glaad.org\/the-new-york-times-fails-to-include-trans-voices-in-majority-of-articles-about-trans-issues\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">unfortunate victims<\/a> or <a href=\"https:\/\/www.them.us\/story\/new-york-times-detransition-youth-op-ed-pamela-paul-chase-strangio\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">questions trans people\u2019s right to exist<\/a> at all.<\/p>\n<p>Through her groundbreaking work on chip design, Conway joined a long line of illustrious <a href=\"https:\/\/teachcomputing.org\/blog\/iwd\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">women in computing<\/a> in the 20th century who made computers into the powerful and flexible tools that they are today. Conway\u2019s co-invention of very large-scale integration, or <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/technology\/very-large-scale-integration\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">VLSI<\/a>, rocketed chip design into the future. VLSI allowed etching circuits on a computer chip\u2019s surface to be as space efficient as possible, ensuring the maximum number of transistors on a chip.<\/p>\n<figure>\n<p><iframe srcdoc=\"\n\n<style>*{padding:0;margin:0;overflow:hidden}html,body{background:#000;height:100%}img{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;object-fit:cover;transition:opacity .1s cubic-bezier(0.4,0,1,1)}a:hover img+img{opacity:1!important}<\/style>\n<p><a href='https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/H6tb8qBgWXU?feature=oembed&amp;autoplay=1&amp;mute=1&amp;modestbranding=1&amp;iv_load_policy=3&amp;theme=light&amp;playsinline=1'><img src='https:\/\/img.youtube.com\/vi\/H6tb8qBgWXU\/hqdefault.jpg'><img src='https:\/\/cdn0.tnwcdn.com\/wp-content\/themes\/cyberdelia\/assets\/img\/ytplaybtn.png' style='top: 50%;left:50%;width:68px;height:48px;transform:translate3d(-50%,-50%,0)'><img src='https:\/\/cdn0.tnwcdn.com\/wp-content\/themes\/cyberdelia\/assets\/img\/ytplaybtn-hover.png' style='top: 50%;left:50%;width:68px;height:48px;opacity:0;transform:translate3d(-50%,-50%,0)'><\/a>&#8221; width=&#8221;440&#8243; height=&#8221;260&#8243; frameborder=&#8221;0&#8243; allowfullscreen=&#8221;allowfullscreen&#8221;>[embedded content]<\/iframe><\/p><figcaption><span class=\"caption\">Lynn Conway on the role she played in the computing revolution.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Maximising the number of transistors on a chip meant that the resulting computer using that chip could be as fast and powerful as possible. For this innovation, Conway received industry and academic recognition. However, that recognition was long delayed.<\/p>\n<h2>The \u2018Conway Effect\u2019<\/h2>\n<p>Like many other women in computing, however, Conway felt that she had been denied her due credit because of the way that her male co-inventor of VLSI, Carver Mead, was repeatedly given more credit and incorrectly perceived as the lead on the project that led to this important innovation. Although Mead did not necessarily seek to unfairly take credit for himself, what Conway dubbed the <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/MC.2018.3971344\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Conway Effect<\/a> led to him getting more, or sometimes all, of the credit.<\/p>\n<p>The Conway Effect is a slightly modified version of what is known as the <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/030631293023002004\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Mathilda Effect<\/a>: Women\u2019s scientific contributions are often attributed to the nearest man working on the same topic. The Conway Effect states that people who are \u201cothered\u201d in computing, including women and people of colour of all genders, form a group that society does not expect to make great advances, and so they are not given full credit when they do because they are literally overlooked.<\/p>\n<p>Conway pointed out that, after some initial recognition together, Mead was given <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/030631293023002004\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">sole awards for their joint work<\/a>, as well as being celebrated along with other men at the Computer History Museum in Silicon Valley. She and other women who had done the same work, even when they were in leadership positions, were <a href=\"https:\/\/mitpress.mit.edu\/9780262535182\/programmed-inequality\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">not invited or similarly recognised<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Conway wrote about her experience in the essay where she introduced the \u201cConway Effect.\u201d<\/p>\n<blockquote readability=\"9.3612334801762\">\n<p>In 2009, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/MC.2018.3971344\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">my disappearance was complete<\/a> after the Computer History Museum\u2019s gala celebration of the 50th anniversary of the integrated circuit. Sixteen men were described by the media as \u201cthe Valley\u2019s founding fathers.\u201d They were inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame for their contributions to microelectronics. Top billing went to Gordon Moore and Carver Mead. I was not invited to the event, and didn\u2019t even know it was happening.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>Conway was added to the Computer History Museum <a href=\"https:\/\/computerhistory.org\/profile\/lynn-conway\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">in 2014<\/a>, 12 years <a href=\"https:\/\/computerhistory.org\/profile\/carver-mead\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">after Mead<\/a>. Even how the computing field refers to their innovation as the \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/community.cadence.com\/cadence_blogs_8\/b\/breakfast-bytes\/posts\/conway-effect\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Mead-Conway method<\/a>,\u201d with Mead\u2019s name first despite not being first alphabetically, shows this unfortunate effect.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"align-center zoomable\"><a href=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/601339\/original\/file-20240617-19-5llojz.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=1000&amp;fit=clip\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/601339\/original\/file-20240617-19-5llojz.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip\" sizes=\"(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px\" alt=\"black and white photo of a woman in business attires seated with her back to her desk\" class=\"js-lazy\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/601339\/original\/file-20240617-19-5llojz.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=768&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 600w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/601339\/original\/file-20240617-19-5llojz.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=768&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1200w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/601339\/original\/file-20240617-19-5llojz.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=768&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 1800w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/601339\/original\/file-20240617-19-5llojz.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=965&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 754w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/601339\/original\/file-20240617-19-5llojz.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=965&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1508w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/601339\/original\/file-20240617-19-5llojz.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=965&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 2262w\"><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/601339\/original\/file-20240617-19-5llojz.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip\" alt=\"black and white photo of a woman in business attires seated with her back to her desk\" class srcset=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/601339\/original\/file-20240617-19-5llojz.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=768&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 600w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/601339\/original\/file-20240617-19-5llojz.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=768&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1200w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/601339\/original\/file-20240617-19-5llojz.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=768&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 1800w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/601339\/original\/file-20240617-19-5llojz.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=965&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 754w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/601339\/original\/file-20240617-19-5llojz.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=965&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1508w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/601339\/original\/file-20240617-19-5llojz.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=965&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 2262w\"><\/noscript><\/a><figcaption><span class=\"caption\">Lynn Conway in her office at Xerox PARC in 1983.<\/span><br \/><span class=\"attribution\"><a class=\"source\" href=\"http:\/\/ai.eecs.umich.edu\/people\/conway\/BioSketch.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">photo by Margaret Moulton<\/a><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2>Out and into a new role<\/h2>\n<p>Conway worked and lived quietly for much of her career, making important strides that reshaped the field of computing while trying not to out herself as a trans woman working in a conservative industry. Later in her life, she realised that the low profile she had sought to keep would be untenable if her career were to make it into the history books, which it eventually did. She also wanted to take credit for <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/MSSC.2012.2215752\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">her earlier, pre-transition innovations<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>As a result, in 1999 she came out publicly as trans and became a vocal supporter of trans rights and of other trans people in high tech. She kept a detailed website that talked about her trans experience in order to try to help other trans people, especially trans women on the verge of coming out, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.independent.co.uk\/news\/world\/americas\/lynn-conway-death-obituary-b2563216.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">feel less alone<\/a>. She even participated in a <a href=\"http:\/\/ai.eecs.umich.edu\/people\/conway\/TS\/Beautiful%20Daughters\/Beautiful%20Daughters.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">version of \u201cThe Vagina Monologues<\/a>\u201d in 2004 that starred trans women.<\/p>\n<p>Despite Conway\u2019s earliest career setback, which nearly cost her both her livelihood and her family, she went on to have an illustrious career in computing. Her assessment of both her place and the place of other women in the field continues to teach us an important lesson about gender and computing \u2014 just as the chip architecture that she co-designed continues to shape what is possible for people to do with the computers that shape our work and personal lives.<!-- Below is The Conversation's page counter tag. Please DO NOT REMOVE. --><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/counter.theconversation.com\/content\/232464\/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic\" alt=\"The Conversation\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" class=\"js-lazy\"><!-- End of code. If you don't see any code above, please get new code from the Advanced tab after you click the republish button. The page counter does not collect any personal data. More info: https:\/\/theconversation.com\/republishing-guidelines --><noscript><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/counter.theconversation.com\/content\/232464\/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic\" alt=\"The Conversation\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" class><\/noscript><\/p>\n<p><em><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/mar-hicks-1541370\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Mar Hicks<\/a>, Associate Professor of Data Science, <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/university-of-virginia-752\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">University of Virginia<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>This article is republished from <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">The Conversation<\/a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/lynn-conway-was-a-trans-woman-in-tech-and-underappreciated-for-decades-after-she-helped-launch-the-computing-revolution-232464\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">original article<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n<p> <a href=\"https:\/\/thenextweb.com\/news\/lynn-conway-recognition-chip-design-future\">Source<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Lynn Conway may hold the record for longest delay between being unfairly fired and receiving an apology for it. In 1968, IBM \u2014 a company that now covers its logo in a&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":15236,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[1],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15235"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=15235"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15235\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/15236"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=15235"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=15235"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=15235"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}