{"id":3081,"date":"2021-02-16T10:51:52","date_gmt":"2021-02-16T10:51:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/thenextweb.com\/?p=1339139"},"modified":"2021-02-16T10:51:52","modified_gmt":"2021-02-16T10:51:52","slug":"can-we-be-friends-with-robots-research-says-yes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/?p=3081","title":{"rendered":"Can we be friends with robots? Research says yes"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>In the 2012 film \u201cRobot and Frank,\u201d the protagonist, a retired cat burglar named Frank, is suffering the early symptoms of dementia. Concerned and guilty, his son buys him a \u201chome robot\u201d that can talk, do household chores like cooking and cleaning, and reminds Frank to take his medicine. It\u2019s a robot the likes of which we\u2019re <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ukras.org\/publications\/white-papers\/robotics-in-social-care-ecosystem\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">getting closer to building<\/a> in the real world.<\/p>\n<p>The film follows Frank, who is initially appalled by the idea of living with a robot, as he gradually begins to see the robot as both functionally useful and socially companionable. The film ends with a clear bond between man and machine, such that Frank is protective of the robot when the pair of them run into trouble.<\/p>\n<p>This is, of course, a fictional story, but it challenges us to explore different kinds of human-to-robot bonds. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cell.com\/iscience\/fulltext\/S2589-0042(20)31190-1?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS2589004220311901%3Fshowall%3Dtrue\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">My recent research<\/a> on <span>human-robot<\/span> relationships examines this topic in detail, looking beyond sex robots and robot love affairs to examine the most profound and meaningful of relationships: friendship.<\/p>\n<p>My colleague and I identified some potential risks \u2013 like the abandonment of human friends for robotic ones \u2013 but we also found several scenarios where robotic companionship can constructively augment people\u2019s lives, leading to friendships that are directly comparable to <span>human-to-human<\/span><span><\/span> relationships.<\/p>\n<h2>Philosophy of friendship<\/h2>\n<p>The robotics <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.ieet.org\/articles\/Danaher20170225.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">philosopher John Danaher<\/a> sets a very high bar for what friendship means. His starting point is the \u201ctrue\u201d friendship first described by the Greek philosopher Aristotle, which saw an ideal friendship as premised on mutual goodwill, admiration, and shared values. In these terms, friendship is about a partnership of equals.<\/p>\n<p>Building a robot that can satisfy Aristotle\u2019s criteria is a substantial technical challenge and is some considerable way off \u2013 as Danaher himself admits. Robots that may seem to be getting close, such as <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=78-1MlkxyqI&amp;ab_channel=TechInsider\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">Hanson Robotics\u2019 Sophia<\/a>, base their behavior on a library of pre-prepared responses: a humanoid chatbot, rather than a conversational equal. Anyone who\u2019s had a testing back-and-forth with Alexa or Siri will know AI still has some way to go in this regard.<\/p>\n<p><em>[Read:&nbsp;<a class=\"c-link c-message_attachment__title_link\" href=\"https:\/\/thenextweb.com\/shift\/2021\/02\/08\/polestar-batteries-blockchain\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" data-qa=\"message_attachment_title_link\"><span dir=\"auto\">How Polestar is using blockchain to increase transparency<\/span><\/a>]<\/em><\/p>\n<p>In the video below, t<span class=\"caption\">he humanoid robot Sophia, developed by Hong Kong-based Hanson Robotics.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/78-1MlkxyqI?wmode=transparent&amp;start=0\" width=\"440\" height=\"260\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\">[embedded content]<\/iframe><figcaption><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Aristotle also talked about other forms of \u201cimperfect\u201d friendship \u2013 such as \u201cutilitarian\u201d and \u201cpleasure\u201d friendships \u2013 which are considered inferior to true friendship because they don\u2019t require symmetrical bonding and are often to one party\u2019s unequal benefit. This form of friendship sets a relatively very low bar which some robots \u2013 like \u201csexbots\u201d and robotic pets \u2013 clearly already meet.<\/p>\n<h2>Artificial amigos<\/h2>\n<p>For some, relating to robots is just a natural extension of relating to other things in our world \u2013 like people, pets, and possessions. Psychologists have even observed how people respond naturally and socially towards <a href=\"https:\/\/web.stanford.edu\/group\/cslipublications\/cslipublications\/site\/1575860538.shtml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">media artefacts like computers and televisions<\/a>. Humanoid robots, you\u2019d have thought, are more personable than your home PC.<\/p>\n<p>However, the field of \u201crobot ethics\u201d is far from unanimous on whether we can \u2013 or should \u2013 develop any form of friendship with robots. For an influential group of UK researchers who charted a set of \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/epsrc.ukri.org\/research\/ourportfolio\/themes\/engineering\/activities\/principlesofrobotics\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">ethical principles of robotics<\/a>,\u201d human-robot \u201ccompanionship\u201d is an oxymoron, and to market robots as having social capabilities is dishonest and should be treated with caution \u2013 if not alarm. For these researchers, wasting emotional energy on entities that can only simulate emotions will always be less rewarding than forming human-to-human<span><\/span> bonds.<\/p>\n<p>But people are already developing bonds with basic robots \u2013 like vacuum-cleaning and lawn-trimming machines that can be bought for less than the price of a dishwasher. A surprisingly large number of people give these robots pet names \u2013 something they don\u2019t do with their dishwashers. Some even take their cleaning robots <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wired.com\/2003\/06\/the-new-pet-craze-robovacs\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">on holiday<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Other evidence of emotional bonds with robots includes the Shinto blessing ceremony for <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/commentisfree\/2015\/mar\/12\/mourn-robotic-dog-human-sony\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">Sony Aibo robot dogs<\/a> that were dismantled for spare parts, and the squad of US troops who fired a 21-gun salute, and awarded medals, to a bomb-disposal robot named \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/technology\/archive\/2013\/09\/funerals-for-fallen-robots\/279861\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">Boomer<\/a>\u201d after it was destroyed in action.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"align-center \" readability=\"3\">\n<p><figure class=\"post-image post-mediaBleed aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/383971\/original\/file-20210212-15-803t9x.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip\" sizes=\"(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px\" alt=\"A robot on wheels is attended to by a soldier in combat gear\" width=\"600\" height=\"477\" class=\" lazy\" data-lazy=\"true\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/383971\/original\/file-20210212-15-803t9x.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=477&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 600w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/383971\/original\/file-20210212-15-803t9x.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=477&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1200w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/383971\/original\/file-20210212-15-803t9x.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=477&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 1800w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/383971\/original\/file-20210212-15-803t9x.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=600&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 754w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/383971\/original\/file-20210212-15-803t9x.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=600&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1508w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/383971\/original\/file-20210212-15-803t9x.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=600&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 2262w\"><figcaption><a href=\"https:\/\/thenextweb.com\/neural\/2021\/02\/16\/we-can-be-friends-with-robots-research-syndication\/#\" data-url=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/intent\/tweet?url=https%3A%2F%2Fthenextweb.com%2Fneural%2F2021%2F02%2F16%2Fwe-can-be-friends-with-robots-research-syndication%2F&amp;via=thenextweb&amp;related=thenextweb&amp;text=Check out this picture on: A military bomb disposal robot similar to \u2018Boomer\u2019. US Marine Corps photo by Lance Cpl. Bobby J. Segovia\/Wikimedia Commons\" data-title=\"Share A military bomb disposal robot similar to \u2018Boomer\u2019. US Marine Corps photo by Lance Cpl. Bobby J. Segovia\/Wikimedia Commons on Twitter\" data-width=\"685\" data-height=\"500\" class=\"post-image-share popitup\" title=\"Share A military bomb disposal robot similar to \u2018Boomer\u2019. US Marine Corps photo by Lance Cpl. Bobby J. Segovia\/Wikimedia Commons on Twitter\"><i class=\"icon icon--inline icon--twitter--dark\"><\/i><\/a>A military bomb disposal robot similar to \u2018Boomer\u2019. US Marine Corps photo by Lance Cpl. Bobby J. Segovia\/Wikimedia Commons<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<\/figure>\n<p>These stories&nbsp;and the psychological evidence we have so far, make clear that we can extend emotional connections to things that are very different to us, even when we know they are manufactured and pre-programmed. But do those connections constitute a friendship comparable to that shared between humans?<\/p>\n<h2>True friendship?<\/h2>\n<p>A colleague and I <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cell.com\/iscience\/fulltext\/S2589-0042(20)31190-1?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS2589004220311901%3Fshowall%3Dtrue\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">recently reviewed<\/a> the extensive literature on <span>human-to-human<\/span> relationships to try to understand how, and if, the concepts we found could apply to bonds we might form with robots. We found evidence that many coveted <span>human-to-human<\/span>&nbsp;friendships do not in fact live up to Aristotle\u2019s ideal.<\/p>\n<p>We noted a wide range of human-to-human relationships, from relatives and lovers to parents, carers, service providers, and the intense (but unfortunately one-way) relationships we maintain with our celebrity heroes. Few of these relationships could be described as completely equal and, crucially, they are all destined to evolve over time.<\/p>\n<p>All this means that expecting robots to form Aristotelian bonds with us is to set a standard even human relationships fail to live up to. We also observed forms of social connectedness that are rewarding and satisfying and yet are far from the ideal friendship outlined by the Greek philosopher.<\/p>\n<p>We know that social interaction is rewarding in its own right and something that, as social mammals, humans <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mindbrained.org\/2020\/09\/social-why-our-brains-are-wired-to-connect\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">have a strong need for<\/a>. It seems probable that relationships with robots could help to address the deep-seated urge we all feel for social connection \u2013 like providing physical comfort, emotional support, and enjoyable social exchanges \u2013 currently provided by other humans.<\/p>\n<p>Our paper also discussed some potential risks. These arise particularly in settings where interaction with a robot could come to replace interaction with people, or where people are denied a choice as to whether they interact with a person or a robot \u2013 in a care setting, for instance.<\/p>\n<p>These are important concerns, but they\u2019re possibilities and not inevitabilities. In the literature we reviewed we actually found evidence of the opposite effect: robots acting to scaffold social interactions with others, acting as ice-breakers in groups, and helping people to improve their social skills or to boost their self-esteem.<\/p>\n<p>It appears likely that, as time progresses, many of us will simply follow Frank\u2019s path towards acceptance: scoffing at first, before settling into the idea that robots can make surprisingly good companions. Our research suggests that\u2019s already happening \u2013 though perhaps not in a way in which Aristotle would have approved.<!-- Below is The Conversation's page counter tag. Please DO NOT REMOVE. --><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/counter.theconversation.com\/content\/154034\/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic\" alt=\"The Conversation\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" class=\" lazy\" data-lazy=\"true\"><!-- End of code. If you don't see any code above, please get new code from the Advanced tab after you click the republish button. The page counter does not collect any personal data. More info: https:\/\/theconversation.com\/republishing-guidelines --><\/p>\n<p><em>This article by&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/tony-prescott-97761\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">Tony Prescott<\/a>, Professor of Cognitive Neuroscience and Director of the Sheffield Robotics Institute, <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/university-of-sheffield-1147\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">University of Sheffield<\/a>&nbsp;is republished from <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">The Conversation<\/a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/will-robots-make-good-friends-scientists-are-already-starting-to-find-out-154034\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">original article<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n<p class=\"c-post-pubDate\"> Published February 16, 2021 \u2014 10:51 UTC <\/p>\n<p> <a href=\"https:\/\/thenextweb.com\/neural\/2021\/02\/16\/we-can-be-friends-with-robots-research-syndication\/\">Source<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In the 2012 film \u201cRobot and Frank,\u201d the protagonist, a retired cat burglar named Frank, is suffering the early symptoms of dementia. Concerned and guilty, his son buys him a \u201chome robot\u201d&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3082,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[1],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3081"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=3081"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3081\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/3082"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=3081"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=3081"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=3081"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}