{"id":6284,"date":"2021-07-03T10:00:33","date_gmt":"2021-07-03T10:00:33","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/TheNextWeb=1359077"},"modified":"2021-07-03T10:00:33","modified_gmt":"2021-07-03T10:00:33","slug":"4-ways-ai-is-unlocking-the-mysteries-of-the-universe","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/?p=6284","title":{"rendered":"4 ways AI is unlocking the mysteries of the universe"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Astronomy is <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/the-worlds-data-explained-how-much-were-producing-and-where-its-all-stored-159964\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">all about data<\/a>. The universe is getting bigger and so too is the amount of information we have about it. But some of the biggest challenges of the next generation of astronomy lie in just how we\u2019re going to study all the data we\u2019re collecting.<\/p>\n<p>To take on these challenges, astronomers are turning to machine learning and artificial intelligence (AI) to build new tools to rapidly search for the next big breakthroughs. Here are four ways AI is helping astronomers.<\/p>\n<h2>1. Planet hunting<\/h2>\n<p>There are a few ways to find a planet, but the most successful has been by <a href=\"https:\/\/exoplanets.nasa.gov\/faq\/31\/whats-a-transit\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">studying transits<\/a>. When an exoplanet passes in front of its parent star, it blocks some of the light we can see.<\/p>\n<p>By observing many orbits of an exoplanet, astronomers build a picture of the dips in the light, which they can use to identify the planet\u2019s properties \u2013 such as its mass, size and distance from its star. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/mission_pages\/kepler\/main\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">Nasa\u2019s Kepler<\/a> space telescope employed this technique to great success by watching thousands of stars at once, keeping an eye out for the telltale dips caused by planets.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"post-image post-mediaBleed aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/spaceplace.nasa.gov\/all-about-exoplanets\/en\/all-about-exoplanets1.en.png\" alt=\"An artist's representation of Kepler-11, a small, cool star around which six planets orbit. Credit: NASA\/Tim Pyle\" width=\"545\" height=\"421\" class=\"js-lazy\"><figcaption><a href=\"https:\/\/thenextweb.com\/news\/4-ways-ai-unlocking-astronomy-mysteries-universe-syndication#\" data-url=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/intent\/tweet?url=https%3A%2F%2Feditorial.thenextweb.com%2Fneural%2F2021%2F07%2F03%2F4-ways-ai-unlocking-astronomy-mysteries-universe-syndication%2F&amp;via=thenextweb&amp;related=thenextweb&amp;text=Check out this picture on: When planets go in front of their stars, we see the drop in light. Image via NASA\/Tim Pyle\" data-title=\"Share When planets go in front of their stars, we see the drop in light. Image via NASA\/Tim Pyle on Twitter\" data-width=\"685\" data-height=\"500\" class=\"post-image-share popitup\" title=\"Share When planets go in front of their stars, we see the drop in light. Image via NASA\/Tim Pyle on Twitter\"><i class=\"icon icon--inline icon--twitter--dark\"><\/i><\/a>When planets go in front of their stars, we see the drop in light. Image via NASA\/Tim Pyle<span><\/span><\/figcaption><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/spaceplace.nasa.gov\/all-about-exoplanets\/en\/all-about-exoplanets1.en.png\" alt=\"An artist's representation of Kepler-11, a small, cool star around which six planets orbit. Credit: NASA\/Tim Pyle\" width=\"545\" height=\"421\" class><\/noscript><\/figure>\n<p>Humans are pretty good at seeing these dips, but it\u2019s a skill that takes time to develop. With more missions devoted to finding new exoplanets, such as Nasa\u2019s (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/tess-transiting-exoplanet-survey-satellite\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite<\/a>), humans just can\u2019t keep up. This is where AI comes in.<\/p>\n<p>Time-series analysis techniques \u2013 which analyse data as a sequential sequence with time \u2013 have been combined with a type of AI to successfully identify the signals of exoplanets with up to <a href=\"https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2011.14135\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">96% accuracy<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h2>2. Gravitational waves<\/h2>\n<p>Time-series models aren\u2019t just great for finding exoplanets, they are also perfect for finding the signals of the most catastrophic events in the universe \u2013 mergers between black holes and neutron stars.<\/p>\n<p>When these incredibly dense bodies fall inwards, they send out ripples in space-time <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/what-happens-when-black-holes-collide-with-the-most-dense-stars-in-the-universe-162526\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">that can be detected<\/a> by measuring faint signals here on Earth. Gravitational wave detector collaborations <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ligo.caltech.edu\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">Ligo<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.virgo-gw.eu\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">Virgo<\/a> have identified the signals of dozens of these events, all with the help of <a href=\"https:\/\/dcc.ligo.org\/public\/0152\/P1800129\/001\/extending-reach-gravitational.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">machine learning<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>By training models on simulated data of black hole mergers, the teams at Ligo and Virgo can identify potential events within moments of them happening and send out alerts to astronomers around the world to turn their telescopes in the right direction.<\/p>\n<h2>3. The changing sky<\/h2>\n<p>When the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.lsst.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">Vera Rubin Observatory<\/a>, currently being built in Chile, comes online, it will survey the entire night sky every night \u2013 collecting over 80 terabytes of images in one go \u2013 to see how the stars and galaxies in the universe vary with time. One terabyte is 8,000,000,000,000 bits.<\/p>\n<p>Over the course of the planned operations, the Legacy Survey of Space and Time being undertaken by Rubin will collect and process hundreds of petabytes of data. To put it in context, 100 petabytes is about the space it takes to <a href=\"https:\/\/techcrunch.com\/2012\/02\/02\/visualizing-facebooks-media-store-how-big-is-100-petabytes\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">store every photo on Facebook<\/a>, or about 700 years of full high-definition video.<\/p>\n<p>You won\u2019t be able to just log onto the servers and download that data, and even if you did, you wouldn\u2019t be able to find what you\u2019re looking for.<\/p>\n<p>Machine learning techniques will be used to search these next-generation surveys and highlight the important data. For example, <a href=\"https:\/\/ui.adsabs.harvard.edu\/abs\/2019AAS...23312601J\/abstract\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">one algorithm<\/a> might be searching the images for rare events such as supernovae \u2013 dramatic explosions at the end of a star\u2019s life \u2013 and another might be on the lookout for quasars. By training computers to recognise the signals of particular astronomical phenomena, the team will be able to get the right data to the right people.<\/p>\n<h2>4. Gravitational lenses<\/h2>\n<p>As we collect more and more data on the universe, we sometimes even have to curate and throw away data that isn\u2019t useful. So how can we find the rarest objects in these swathes of data?<\/p>\n<p>One celestial phenomenon that excites many astronomers is <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Strong_gravitational_lensing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">strong gravitational lenses<\/a>. This is what happens when two galaxies line up along our line of sight and the closest galaxy\u2019s gravity acts as a lens and magnifies the more distant object, creating rings, crosses and double images.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"align-center \" readability=\"5\">\n<p><figure class=\"post-image post-mediaBleed aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/409276\/original\/file-20210701-21-patdwl.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip\" sizes=\"(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px\" alt=\"An image of a bright galaxy with a blue ring around it.\" width=\"600\" height=\"396\" class=\"js-lazy\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/409276\/original\/file-20210701-21-patdwl.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=396&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 600w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/409276\/original\/file-20210701-21-patdwl.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=396&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1200w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/409276\/original\/file-20210701-21-patdwl.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=396&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 1800w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/409276\/original\/file-20210701-21-patdwl.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=498&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 754w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/409276\/original\/file-20210701-21-patdwl.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=498&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1508w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/409276\/original\/file-20210701-21-patdwl.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=498&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 2262w\"><figcaption><a href=\"https:\/\/thenextweb.com\/news\/4-ways-ai-unlocking-astronomy-mysteries-universe-syndication#\" data-url=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/intent\/tweet?url=https%3A%2F%2Feditorial.thenextweb.com%2Fneural%2F2021%2F07%2F03%2F4-ways-ai-unlocking-astronomy-mysteries-universe-syndication%2F&amp;via=thenextweb&amp;related=thenextweb&amp;text=Check out this picture on: The blue ring is light from a more distant galaxy, distorted by the red galaxy at the centre. Image via ESA\/Hubble &amp; NASA, CC BY\" data-title=\"Share The blue ring is light from a more distant galaxy, distorted by the red galaxy at the centre. Image via ESA\/Hubble &amp; NASA, CC BY on Twitter\" data-width=\"685\" data-height=\"500\" class=\"post-image-share popitup\" title=\"Share The blue ring is light from a more distant galaxy, distorted by the red galaxy at the centre. Image via ESA\/Hubble &amp; NASA, CC BY on Twitter\"><i class=\"icon icon--inline icon--twitter--dark\"><\/i><\/a>The blue ring is light from a more distant galaxy, distorted by the red galaxy at the centre. Image via ESA\/Hubble &amp; NASA, CC BY<\/figcaption><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/409276\/original\/file-20210701-21-patdwl.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip\" alt=\"An image of a bright galaxy with a blue ring around it.\" width=\"600\" height=\"396\" class srcset=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/409276\/original\/file-20210701-21-patdwl.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=396&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 600w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/409276\/original\/file-20210701-21-patdwl.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=396&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1200w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/409276\/original\/file-20210701-21-patdwl.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=396&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 1800w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/409276\/original\/file-20210701-21-patdwl.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=498&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 754w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/409276\/original\/file-20210701-21-patdwl.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=498&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1508w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/409276\/original\/file-20210701-21-patdwl.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=498&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 2262w\"><\/noscript><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<\/figure>\n<p>Finding these lenses is like finding a needle in a haystack \u2013 a haystack the size of the observable universe. It\u2019s a search that\u2019s only going to get harder as we collect more and more images of galaxies.<\/p>\n<p>In 2018, astronomers from around the world took part in the <a href=\"https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1802.03609\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">Strong Gravitational Lens Finding Challenge<\/a> where they competed to see who could make the best algorithm for finding these lenses automatically.<\/p>\n<p>The winner of this challenge used a model called a convolutional neural network, which learns to break down images using different filters until it can classify them as containing a lens or not. Surprisingly, these models were even better than people, finding subtle differences in the images that we humans have trouble noticing.<\/p>\n<p>Over the next decade, using new instruments like the Vera Rubin Observatory, astronomers will collect petabytes of data, that\u2019s thousands of terabytes. As we peer deeper into the universe, astronomers\u2019 research will increasingly rely on machine-learning techniques.<!-- Below is The Conversation's page counter tag. Please DO NOT REMOVE. --><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/counter.theconversation.com\/content\/163740\/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic\" alt=\"The Conversation\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" class=\"js-lazy\"><!-- End of code. If you don't see any code above, please get new code from the Advanced tab after you click the republish button. The page counter does not collect any personal data. More info: https:\/\/theconversation.com\/republishing-guidelines --><\/p>\n<p><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/counter.theconversation.com\/content\/163740\/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic\" alt=\"The Conversation\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" class><\/noscript><\/p>\n<p><em>This article by&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/ashley-spindler-1238720\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">Ashley Spindler<\/a>, Research Fellow, Astrophysics, <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/university-of-hertfordshire-799\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">University of Hertfordshire<\/a>,&nbsp;is republished from <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">The Conversation<\/a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/four-ways-artificial-intelligence-is-helping-us-learn-about-the-universe-163740\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">original article<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n<p> <a href=\"https:\/\/thenextweb.com\/news\/4-ways-ai-unlocking-astronomy-mysteries-universe-syndication\">Source<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Astronomy is all about data. The universe is getting bigger and so too is the amount of information we have about it. But some of the biggest challenges of the next generation&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":6285,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[1],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6284"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=6284"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6284\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/6285"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=6284"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=6284"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=6284"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}