{"id":8016,"date":"2021-09-26T08:00:38","date_gmt":"2021-09-26T08:00:38","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/TheNextWeb=1368122"},"modified":"2021-09-26T08:00:38","modified_gmt":"2021-09-26T08:00:38","slug":"how-chinas-ban-on-sissy-men-is-impacting-big-tech","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/?p=8016","title":{"rendered":"How China\u2019s ban on \u2018sissy men\u2019 is impacting big tech"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>The Chinese government <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cbsnews.com\/news\/china-bans-sissy-men-tv\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">has recently taken action<\/a> against what it calls \u201csissy men\u201d \u2013 males, often celebrities, deemed too effeminate.<\/p>\n<p>On Sept. 2\uff0c2021, government <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cbsnews.com\/news\/china-bans-sissy-men-tv\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">regulators banned their appearance<\/a> on both television and video streaming sites. Using the Chinese derogatory slur \u201cniang pao\u201d \u2013 literally, \u201cgirlie guns\u201d \u2013 Chinese cultural authorities <a href=\"https:\/\/www.chinalawtranslate.com\/en\/content-regulation\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">explained that they were rolling out a rule<\/a> to purge \u201cmorally flawed celebrities\u201d in order to \u201ccorrect aesthetics\u201d in \u201cperforming styles\u201d and \u201cwardrobes and makeups.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Technically this is a rule, not a law. But thanks to the strong control the Chinese government exerts over industry, the tech companies that give these celebrities a platform <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2021\/09\/06\/business\/china-bts-kpop-fans.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">have quickly fallen in line<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>The international community may view the rule as yet another example of Chinese repression <a href=\"https:\/\/qz.com\/630159\/chinas-new-television-rules-ban-homosexuality-drinking-and-vengeance\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">centered on LGBTQ communities<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>And this could be true, to an extent.<\/p>\n<p>However, <a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.nl\/citations?user=PUBDsVIAAAAJ&amp;hl=en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">as someone who studies China\u2019s queer cultures<\/a>, I\u2019m also attuned to the way pronouncements made by the Chinese government often cloak a hidden agenda.<\/p>\n<p>To me, it\u2019s no coincidence that the ban has come during the intense national campaign against China\u2019s domestic big tech giants, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/technology\/beyond-security-crackdown-beijing-charts-state-controlled-data-market-2021-07-20\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">which the government increasingly sees as a threat<\/a> to its ability to keep tabs on its citizens.<\/p>\n<h2>The rise of effeminate male \u2018traffic stars\u2019<\/h2>\n<p>In the mid-2010s the Chinese government\u2019s grip on the country\u2019s entertainment sector began to weaken after decades of control over <a href=\"https:\/\/time.com\/4247432\/china-tv-television-media-censorship\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">who could star on TV and what sort of stories could be told<\/a>. TV dramas, films and talent shows produced by private tech companies started to take off, while <a href=\"http:\/\/www.nrta.gov.cn\/art\/2018\/10\/20\/art_2178_39216.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">ratings and ad revenues of state-owned television stations tumbled<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Beginning in 2016, the government <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/news\/china\/society\/article\/1918020\/china-tightens-censorship-online-tv-programmes-days-after\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">started to censor web videos with the same criteria it had been using for television<\/a>. However, the restrictions seemed to only inspire more creative and subversive expressions of sexuality on video streaming sites.<\/p>\n<p>For example, images of two men kissing and holding hands were banned. So creators simply used dialogues and gestures, like intense eye contact, to convey homosexual intimacy. Furthermore, these rules didn\u2019t regulate the physical appearance of characters.<\/p>\n<p>Since 2017, shows produced by the country\u2019s leading video streaming platforms \u2013 many of which mimic the basic format of shows like \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/the-most-american-pop-culture-phenomenon-of-them-all-56555\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">American Idol<\/a>\u201d and \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nbc.com\/the-voice\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">The Voice<\/a>\u201d \u2013 have launched the careers of a number of effeminate male celebrities.<\/p>\n<p>These shows include \u201cThe Coming One\u201d and \u201cCHUANG 2021,\u201d which appear on Tencent Video, a streaming site owned by Tencent, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2021\/07\/27\/business\/Tencent-WeChat-China.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">the Chinese technology conglomerate that also owns WeChat<\/a>. Meanwhile, \u201cIdol Producer\u201d and \u201cYouth With You\u201d appear on another video service provider, iQiyi, a subsidiary of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2021\/08\/18\/baidu-launches-robocar-and-ai-chip-in-bid-to-diversify-business.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">Baidu<\/a>, the Chinese equivalent of Google. The male participants in these shows are often young, dress in unisex clothing, and apply orange-red eye shadow and lipstick, along with heavy makeup that whitens their skin and thickens their eyebrows.<\/p>\n<p><figure><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/seELQmZ10F0?wmode=transparent&amp;start=0\" width=\"440\" height=\"260\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\">[embedded content]<\/iframe><figcaption><span class=\"caption\">Contestants compete on \u2018CHUANG 2021.\u2019<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<p>In the past, female audiences would clamor for masculine looks or physiques in their male celebrities. Today\u2019s young Chinese people, on the other hand, are more open to <a href=\"https:\/\/hkupress.hku.hk\/pro\/1614.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">challenging gender stereotypes<\/a>. Within online fan communities, femininity in male celebrities isn\u2019t stigmatized; instead, it\u2019s celebrated. They\u2019ll call their female idols \u201cbrother\u201d or \u201chusband\u201d and their male idols \u201cwife\u201d \u2013 names meant more as compliments than insults.<\/p>\n<p>This shift can be traced, in large part, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/magazines\/style\/celebrity\/article\/3133459\/why-china-cracking-down-reality-tv-shows-k-pop-inspired\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">to the influence<\/a> ofK-pop, the South Korean pop music phenomenon in which many of the singers reject traditionally masculine ideals.<\/p>\n<p>An easy way for male actors to achieve stardom is to appear in adaptions of \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14680777.2020.1754626\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">boys\u2019 love novels<\/a>,\u201d an online fiction genre originating in Japan that features homoerotic relationships between men.<\/p>\n<p>Take the actor <a href=\"https:\/\/www.imdb.com\/name\/nm7757091\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">Zhang Zhehan<\/a>. For years, he played masculine characters in several TV shows. Still, he remained largely unknown until he appeared in the adaption of the boys\u2019 love novel \u201cWord of Honor,\u201d which appeared in early 2021 on Youku, a streaming service owned by the tech giant Alibaba.<\/p>\n<p>His female fans <a href=\"https:\/\/s.weibo.com\/weibo?q=%E5%8D%81%E5%B9%B4%E7%A1%AC%E6%B1%89%E6%97%A0%E4%BA%BA%E7%9F%A5%20%E4%B8%80%E6%9C%9D%E8%80%81%E5%A9%86%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%8B%E9%97%BB\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">even invented a meme<\/a> to describe Zhang\u2019s rapid rise to fame: \u201cmanning up for a decade failed, but [he] succeeded as a wife overnight.\u201d<\/p>\n<h2>Reasserting control<\/h2>\n<p>Despite their perceived effeminate mannerisms, these male celebrities have amassed a huge following among female viewers. Typically, their shows can generate <a href=\"https:\/\/www.billboard.com\/articles\/news\/international\/8487693\/idol-producer-winner-kun-china-interview-cai-xukun-nine-percent\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">billions of views and considerable ad revenue<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Celebrities whose fame emerged out of shows like \u201cThe Coming One\u201d and \u201cIdol Producer\u201d are called \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.sixthtone.com\/news\/1008245\/for-chinas-traffic-stars%2C-a-sudden-crash\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">traffic stars<\/a>\u201d because they\u2019re more dependent on their massive followings than on any specific skill such as singing, acting or dancing.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"align-center \" readability=\"3.5328467153285\">\n<p><figure class=\"post-image post-mediaBleed aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/420310\/original\/file-20210909-21-6ocn9z.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip\" alt=\"Two men wearing jewelry and makeup pose on a bed.\" width=\"600\" height=\"398\" class=\"js-lazy\"><figcaption><a href=\"https:\/\/thenextweb.com\/news\/china-ban-sissy-big-tech-syndication#\" data-url=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/intent\/tweet?url=https%3A%2F%2Feditorial.thenextweb.com%2Ftech%2F2021%2F09%2F26%2Fchina-ban-sissy-big-tech-syndication%2F&amp;via=thenextweb&amp;related=thenextweb&amp;text=Check out this picture on: Ten and YangYang are two members of the Chinese boy band WayV, whose sound and style are heavily influenced by K-pop. SM Entertainment \" data-title=\"Share Ten and YangYang are two members of the Chinese boy band WayV, whose sound and style are heavily influenced by K-pop. SM Entertainment on Twitter\" data-width=\"685\" data-height=\"500\" class=\"post-image-share popitup\" title=\"Share Ten and YangYang are two members of the Chinese boy band WayV, whose sound and style are heavily influenced by K-pop. SM Entertainment on Twitter\"><i class=\"icon icon--inline icon--twitter--dark\"><\/i><\/a>Ten and YangYang are two members of the Chinese boy band WayV, whose sound and style are heavily influenced by K-pop. <a href=\"https:\/\/cdn.i-scmp.com\/sites\/default\/files\/d8\/images\/canvas\/2021\/09\/03\/0b2701c5-85b9-4207-b4b3-debab3c1a540_a84036f8.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">SM Entertainment <\/a><\/figcaption><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/420310\/original\/file-20210909-21-6ocn9z.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip\" alt=\"Two men wearing jewelry and makeup pose on a bed.\" width=\"600\" height=\"398\" class><\/noscript><\/figure><figcaption>&nbsp;<\/figcaption><\/p>\n<\/figure>\n<p>Since views, shares and likes have become the dominant metric for a celebrity\u2019s popularity and market value, fans will organize to actively manipulate social media features such as ranking lists and trending topics in support of their idols. This \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.globaltimes.cn\/page\/202108\/1232634.shtml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">data worship<\/a>\u201d \u2013 to use the terminology of the Chinese authorities \u2013 ultimately boosts the revenue of the big tech companies that promote and host the stars.<\/p>\n<p>Therefore, the profits of tech companies and the proliferation of internet influencers, movie stars and TV personalities have become increasingly intertwined.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.politico.com\/newsletters\/morning-tech\/2021\/08\/18\/china-seeks-greater-control-over-its-own-big-tech-797224\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">For a country seeking to rein in the power of big tech companies<\/a>, these effeminate idols become an obvious target.<\/p>\n<h2>Possible Ramifications<\/h2>\n<p>Although it could be argued that everyday LGBTQ people aren\u2019t the real target of the most recent policy, I believe it will almost certainly have a pernicious effect on China\u2019s marginalized gender groups and LGBTQ communities.<\/p>\n<p>In China, the government has long exploited gender and sexuality in the service of political needs. During the first three decades of the People\u2019s Republic of China \u2013 from 1949 to 1978 \u2013 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.niaspress.dk\/book\/queer-comrades\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">homosexuality was portrayed as the epitome of capitalist vice<\/a> and was, therefore, seen as incompatible with the values of the Communist party-state.<\/p>\n<p>After China\u2019s market reforms in 1978 and the \u201copening up\u201d of the country, people \u2013 especially in China\u2019s cities \u2013 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dukeupress.edu\/Desiring-China\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">became more comfortable calling themselves gay<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>In the lead-up to the 2008 Beijing Olympics, the state-run Xinhua News agency even <a href=\"https:\/\/dare.uva.nl\/search?identifier=553a17f6-7c90-48ac-b3be-a7fd82d6670a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">published articles championing the gay website Danlan<\/a> \u2013 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2020\/03\/05\/magazine\/blued-china-gay-dating-app.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">a precursor to Blued<\/a>, the most popular gay dating app in the world \u2013 in order to portray China as an inclusive and diverse place and to deflect international criticism of China\u2019s poor record on human rights.<\/p>\n<p>Thanks to digital technology and the growth of online subcultures, China has achieved some real progress in the acceptance of gender and sexual minorities over the past decade. Young women often speak of having a \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1363460718773689\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">gay confidant<\/a>\u201d (\u201cgaymi\u201d in Chinese), while young straight men are keen to call their male friends \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00918369.2016.1253393\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">good gay buddies<\/a>\u201d(\u201chao jiyou\u201d).<\/p>\n<p>So it\u2019s a bit surprising to see a gender slur \u2013 \u201cgirlie guns\u201d \u2013 being written into government policy and repeated throughout the country\u2019s mainstream media outlets.<\/p>\n<p>And it isn\u2019t difficult to envision more anti-LGBTQ bullying, harassment and violence in schools and workplaces as a result.<\/p>\n<p>After all, if the government condones a slur, who\u2019s to say it\u2019s wrong to use it to attack others?<!-- Below is The Conversation's page counter tag. Please DO NOT REMOVE. --><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/counter.theconversation.com\/content\/167328\/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic\" alt=\"The Conversation\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" class=\"js-lazy\"><!-- End of code. If you don't see any code above, please get new code from the Advanced tab after you click the republish button. The page counter does not collect any personal data. More info: https:\/\/theconversation.com\/republishing-guidelines --><\/p>\n<p><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/counter.theconversation.com\/content\/167328\/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic\" alt=\"The Conversation\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" class><\/noscript><\/p>\n<p><em>Article by <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/shuaishuai-wang-1191807\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">Shuaishuai Wang<\/a>, Lecturer of New Media and Digital Culture, <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/university-of-amsterdam-1391\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">University of Amsterdam<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>This article is republished from <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">The Conversation<\/a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/how-sissy-men-became-the-latest-front-in-chinas-campaign-against-big-tech-167328\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">original article<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n<p> <a href=\"https:\/\/thenextweb.com\/news\/china-ban-sissy-big-tech-syndication\">Source<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The Chinese government has recently taken action against what it calls \u201csissy men\u201d \u2013 males, often celebrities, deemed too effeminate. On Sept. 2\uff0c2021, government regulators banned their appearance on both television and&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":8017,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[1],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8016"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=8016"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8016\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/8017"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=8016"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=8016"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=8016"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}