{"id":8228,"date":"2021-10-07T14:12:38","date_gmt":"2021-10-07T14:12:38","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/TheNextWeb=1369174"},"modified":"2021-10-07T14:12:38","modified_gmt":"2021-10-07T14:12:38","slug":"predicting-the-weather-in-space-is-hard-but-this-new-satellite-could-make-it-easier","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/?p=8228","title":{"rendered":"Predicting the weather in space is hard but this new satellite could make it easier"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>The Australian-made space weather satellite CUAVA-1 was deployed into orbit from the International Space Station on <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=UHbRKOzzvp0&amp;t=1223s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">Wednesday night<\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/cosmosmagazine.com\/australia\/australian-made-cubesats-blast-off-to-the-iss\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">Launched to the space station<\/a> in August aboard a SpaceX<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=CirCiSe96Yk&amp;t=925s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\"> rocket<\/a>, a major focus of this shoebox-sized CubeSat is to study what radiation from the Sun does to Earth\u2019s atmosphere and electronic devices.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/mission_pages\/sunearth\/spaceweather\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">Space weather<\/a> such as <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/massive-sunspots-and-huge-solar-flares-mean-unexpected-space-weather-for-earth-83677\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">solar flares<\/a> and changes in the solar wind affects Earth\u2019s ionosphere (a layer of charged particles in the upper atmosphere). This in turn has an impact on <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sws.bom.gov.au\/Category\/Educational\/Other%20Topics\/Radio%20Communication\/Intro_HF_Radio.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">long-distance radio communications<\/a> and the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.swpc.noaa.gov\/impacts\/satellite-drag\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">orbits of some satellites<\/a>, as well as creating fluctuations in the electromagnetic field that can wreak havoc with electronics in space and down to the ground.<\/p>\n<p>The new satellite is the first designed and built by the Australian Research Council Training Centre for Cubesats, UAVs, and their Applications (or <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cuava.com.au\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">CUAVA<\/a> for short). It carries payloads and technology demonstrators built by collaborators from the University of Sydney, Macquarie University, and UNSW-Sydney.<\/p>\n<p>One of CUAVA-1\u2019s aims is to help improve space weather forecasts, which are currently very limited. As well as its scientific mission, CUAVA-1 also represents a step towards the Australian Space Agency\u2019s goal of <a href=\"https:\/\/publications.industry.gov.au\/publications\/advancing-space-australian-civil-space-strategy-2019-2028.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">growing the local space industry by 20,000 jobs by 2030<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h2>Satellites and space weather<\/h2>\n<figure class=\"align-center \" readability=\"3\">\n<p><figure class=\"post-image post-mediaBleed aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/425198\/original\/file-20211007-15-jsspfy.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip\" sizes=\"(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px\" alt=\"Exploded view of CUAVA-1 and its components and payloads. Tanned labels indicate Australian-made components. Xueliang Bai\" width=\"600\" height=\"353\" class=\"js-lazy\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/425198\/original\/file-20211007-15-jsspfy.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=353&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 600w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/425198\/original\/file-20211007-15-jsspfy.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=353&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1200w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/425198\/original\/file-20211007-15-jsspfy.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=353&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 1800w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/425198\/original\/file-20211007-15-jsspfy.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=444&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 754w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/425198\/original\/file-20211007-15-jsspfy.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=444&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1508w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/425198\/original\/file-20211007-15-jsspfy.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=444&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 2262w\"><figcaption><a href=\"https:\/\/thenextweb.com\/news\/weather-space-hard-satellite-easier-syndication#\" data-url=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/intent\/tweet?url=https%3A%2F%2Feditorial.thenextweb.com%2Fspace%2F2021%2F10%2F07%2Fweather-space-hard-satellite-easier-syndication%2F&amp;via=thenextweb&amp;related=thenextweb&amp;text=Check out this picture on: Exploded view of CUAVA-1 and its components and payloads. Tanned labels indicate Australian-made components. Xueliang Bai\" data-title=\"Share Exploded view of CUAVA-1 and its components and payloads. Tanned labels indicate Australian-made components. Xueliang Bai on Twitter\" data-width=\"685\" data-height=\"500\" class=\"post-image-share popitup\" title=\"Share Exploded view of CUAVA-1 and its components and payloads. Tanned labels indicate Australian-made components. Xueliang Bai on Twitter\"><i class=\"icon icon--inline icon--twitter--dark\"><\/i><\/a>Exploded view of CUAVA-1 and its components and payloads. Tanned labels indicate Australian-made components. Xueliang Bai<\/figcaption><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/425198\/original\/file-20211007-15-jsspfy.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip\" alt=\"Exploded view of CUAVA-1 and its components and payloads. Tanned labels indicate Australian-made components. Xueliang Bai\" width=\"600\" height=\"353\" class srcset=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/425198\/original\/file-20211007-15-jsspfy.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=353&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 600w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/425198\/original\/file-20211007-15-jsspfy.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=353&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1200w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/425198\/original\/file-20211007-15-jsspfy.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=353&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 1800w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/425198\/original\/file-20211007-15-jsspfy.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=444&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 754w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/425198\/original\/file-20211007-15-jsspfy.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=444&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1508w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/425198\/original\/file-20211007-15-jsspfy.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=444&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 2262w\"><\/noscript><\/figure><figcaption><\/figcaption><\/p>\n<\/figure>\n<p>While the Australian Space Agency was only formed in 2018, Australia has a <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/lost-in-space-australia-dwindled-from-space-leader-to-also-ran-in-50-years-83310\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">long history in satellite research<\/a>. In 2002, for example, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/40947\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">FedSat<\/a> was one of the first satellites in the world to carry a GPS receiver onboard.<\/p>\n<p>Space-based GPS receivers today make it possible to routinely measure the atmosphere all around the world for weather monitoring and prediction. The Bureau of Meteorology and other weather forecasting agencies rely on <a href=\"https:\/\/www.gpsworld.com\/ucar-system-boosts-gnss-data-for-weather-forecasting\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">space-based GPS data<\/a> in their forecasting.<\/p>\n<p>Space-based GPS receivers also make it possible to monitor the Earth\u2019s ionosphere. From heights of about 80km to 1,000km, this layer of the atmosphere transitions from a gas of uncharged atoms and molecules to a gas of charged particles, both electrons, and ions. (A gas of charged particles is also called a plasma.)<\/p>\n<p>The ionosphere is the location of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=FpLd20_htF8&amp;t=1s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">beautiful auroral displays<\/a> that are common at high latitudes during moderate <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/mission_pages\/sunearth\/news\/storms-on-sun.html#.VHaLDHVdXfE\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">geomagnetic storms<\/a>, or \u201cbad space weather\u201d, but there is much more to it.<\/p>\n<p>The ionosphere can cause difficulties for satellite positioning and navigation, but it is also sometimes useful, such as when <a href=\"https:\/\/www.baesystems.com\/en-aus\/feature\/seeing-over-the-horizon\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">ground-based radar<\/a> and radio signals can be bounced off it to scan or communicate over the horizon.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"align-center \" readability=\"2\">\n<p><figure class=\"post-image post-mediaBleed aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/425178\/original\/file-20211007-13-jrxwqd.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip\" sizes=\"(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px\" alt=\"Technological and infrastructure affected by space weather events. NASA\" width=\"600\" height=\"463\" class=\"js-lazy\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/425178\/original\/file-20211007-13-jrxwqd.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=463&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 600w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/425178\/original\/file-20211007-13-jrxwqd.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=463&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1200w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/425178\/original\/file-20211007-13-jrxwqd.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=463&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 1800w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/425178\/original\/file-20211007-13-jrxwqd.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=581&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 754w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/425178\/original\/file-20211007-13-jrxwqd.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=581&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1508w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/425178\/original\/file-20211007-13-jrxwqd.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=581&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 2262w\"><figcaption><a href=\"https:\/\/thenextweb.com\/news\/weather-space-hard-satellite-easier-syndication#\" data-url=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/intent\/tweet?url=https%3A%2F%2Feditorial.thenextweb.com%2Fspace%2F2021%2F10%2F07%2Fweather-space-hard-satellite-easier-syndication%2F&amp;via=thenextweb&amp;related=thenextweb&amp;text=Check out this picture on: Technological and infrastructure affected by space weather events. NASA\" data-title=\"Share Technological and infrastructure affected by space weather events. NASA on Twitter\" data-width=\"685\" data-height=\"500\" class=\"post-image-share popitup\" title=\"Share Technological and infrastructure affected by space weather events. NASA on Twitter\"><i class=\"icon icon--inline icon--twitter--dark\"><\/i><\/a>Technological and infrastructure affected by space weather events. NASA<\/figcaption><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/425178\/original\/file-20211007-13-jrxwqd.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip\" alt=\"Technological and infrastructure affected by space weather events. NASA\" width=\"600\" height=\"463\" class srcset=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/425178\/original\/file-20211007-13-jrxwqd.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=463&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 600w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/425178\/original\/file-20211007-13-jrxwqd.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=463&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1200w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/425178\/original\/file-20211007-13-jrxwqd.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=463&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 1800w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/425178\/original\/file-20211007-13-jrxwqd.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=581&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 754w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/425178\/original\/file-20211007-13-jrxwqd.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=581&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1508w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/425178\/original\/file-20211007-13-jrxwqd.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=581&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 2262w\"><\/noscript><\/figure><figcaption>&nbsp;<\/figcaption><\/p>\n<\/figure>\n<h2>Why space weather is so hard to predict<\/h2>\n<p>Understanding the ionosphere is an important part of operational space weather forecasting. We know the ionosphere becomes highly irregular during severe geomagnetic storms. It disrupts radio signals that pass through it and creates surges of electric current in power grids and pipelines.<\/p>\n<pre class=\"c-mrkdwn__pre\" data-stringify-type=\"pre\"><p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/P8jwTpG-26E\" height=\"240\" width=\"320\" allowfullscreen frameborder=\"0\">[embedded content]<\/iframe><\/p><!--resp-video-container--><\/pre>\n<figure><figcaption><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>During severe <a href=\"https:\/\/media.bom.gov.au\/social\/blog\/2454\/space-weather-and-the-sun\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">geomagnetic storms<\/a>, a large amount of energy is dumped into the Earth\u2019s upper atmosphere near the north and south poles, while also changing currents and flows in the equatorial ionosphere.<\/p>\n<p>This energy dissipates through the system, causing widespread changes throughout the upper atmosphere and altering high-altitude wind patterns above the equator hours later.<\/p>\n<p>In contrast, X-rays and UV radiation from solar flares directly heat the atmosphere (above the ozone layer) above the equator and middle latitudes. These changes influence the amount of drag experienced in low-Earth orbit, making it difficult to predict the paths of satellites and space debris.<\/p>\n<p>Even outside geomagnetic storms, there are \u201cquiet-time\u201d disturbances that affect <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/predicting-daily-space-weather-will-help-keep-your-gps-on-target-34750\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">GPS<\/a> and other electronic systems.<\/p>\n<p>At present, we can\u2019t make accurate predictions of bad space weather beyond about three days ahead. And the flow-on effects of bad space weather on the Earth\u2019s upper atmosphere, including GPS and communication disturbances and changes in satellite drag, are even harder to forecast ahead of time.<\/p>\n<p>As a result, most space weather prediction agencies are restricted to \u201cnowcasting\u201d: observing the current state of space weather and projecting for the next few hours.<\/p>\n<p>It will take a lot more science to understand the connection between the Sun and the Earth, how energy from the Sun dissipates through the Earth system, and how these system changes influence the technology we increasingly rely on for everyday life.<\/p>\n<p>This means more research and more satellites, especially for the equatorial to mid-latitudes relevant to Australians (and indeed most people on Earth). We hope CUAVA-1 is a step towards a constellation of Australian space weather satellites that will play a key role in future space weather forecasting.<!-- Below is The Conversation's page counter tag. Please DO NOT REMOVE. --><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/counter.theconversation.com\/content\/169027\/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic\" alt=\"The Conversation\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" class=\"js-lazy\"><!-- End of code. If you don't see any code above, please get new code from the Advanced tab after you click the republish button. The page counter does not collect any personal data. More info: https:\/\/theconversation.com\/republishing-guidelines --><\/p>\n<p><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/counter.theconversation.com\/content\/169027\/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic\" alt=\"The Conversation\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" class><\/noscript><\/p>\n<p><em>Article by <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/brett-carter-12081\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">Brett Carter<\/a>, Senior lecturer, <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/rmit-university-1063\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">RMIT University<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/iver-cairns-1276765\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">Iver Cairns<\/a>, Professor of Space Physics, <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/university-of-sydney-841\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">University of Sydney<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>This article is republished from <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">The Conversation<\/a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/forecasting-space-weather-is-hard-a-new-australian-satellite-may-help-make-it-easier-169027\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">original article<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n<p> <a href=\"https:\/\/thenextweb.com\/news\/weather-space-hard-satellite-easier-syndication\">Source<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The Australian-made space weather satellite CUAVA-1 was deployed into orbit from the International Space Station on Wednesday night. Launched to the space station in August aboard a SpaceX rocket, a major focus&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":8229,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[1],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8228"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=8228"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8228\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/8229"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=8228"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=8228"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=8228"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}