{"id":8743,"date":"2021-11-03T12:32:42","date_gmt":"2021-11-03T12:32:42","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/TheNextWeb=1371950"},"modified":"2021-11-03T12:32:42","modified_gmt":"2021-11-03T12:32:42","slug":"facebook-is-blocking-researchers-access-to-data-about-how-much-misinformation-it-hosts","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/?p=8743","title":{"rendered":"Facebook is blocking researchers\u2019 access to data about how much misinformation it hosts"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Leaked internal documents suggest Facebook \u2013 which recently renamed itself Meta \u2013 is <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cnn.com\/2021\/10\/26\/tech\/facebook-covid-vaccine-misinformation\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">doing far worse than it claims<\/a> at minimizing COVID-19 vaccine misinformation on the Facebook social media platform.<\/p>\n<p>Online misinformation about the virus and vaccines is a major concern. In one study, survey respondents who got some or all of their news from Facebook were significantly <a href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/politics\/2021\/07\/27\/people-are-more-anti-vaccine-if-they-get-their-covid-19-news-facebook-rather-than-fox-news-new-data-shows\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">more likely to resist the COVID-19 vaccine<\/a> than those who got their news from mainstream media sources.<\/p>\n<p>As a researcher who <a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/citations?user=1lvJXKQAAAAJ&amp;hl=en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">studies social and civic media<\/a>, I believe it\u2019s critically important to understand how misinformation spreads online. But this is easier said than done. Simply counting instances of misinformation found on a social media platform leaves two key questions unanswered: How likely are users to encounter misinformation and are certain users especially likely to be affected by misinformation? These questions are the denominator problem and the distribution problem.<\/p>\n<p>The COVID-19 misinformation study, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/secure.avaaz.org\/campaign\/en\/facebook_threat_health\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">Facebook\u2019s Algorithm: a Major Threat to Public Health<\/a>\u201d, published by public interest advocacy group Avaaz in August 2020, reported that sources that frequently shared health misinformation \u2014 82 websites and 42 Facebook pages \u2014 had an estimated total reach of 3.8 billion views in a year.<\/p>\n<p>At first glance, that\u2019s a stunningly large number. But it\u2019s important to remember that this is the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.merriam-webster.com\/dictionary\/numerator\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">numerator<\/a>. To understand what 3.8 billion views in a year means, you also have to calculate the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.merriam-webster.com\/dictionary\/denominator\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">denominator<\/a>. The numerator is the part of a fraction above the line, which is divided by the part of the fraction below line, the denominator.<\/p>\n<h2>Getting some perspective<\/h2>\n<p>One possible denominator is <a href=\"https:\/\/investor.fb.com\/investor-news\/press-release-details\/2021\/Facebook-Reports-Third-Quarter-2021-Results\/default.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">2.9 billion monthly active Facebook users<\/a>, in which case, on average, every Facebook user has been exposed to at least one piece of information from these health misinformation sources. But these are 3.8 billion content views, not discrete users. How many pieces of information does the average Facebook user encounter in a year? Facebook does not disclose that information.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"align-center \" readability=\"5\">\n<p><figure class=\"post-image post-mediaBleed aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/429612\/original\/file-20211101-21-1ygeqgi.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip\" sizes=\"(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px\" alt=\"Text that reads misinformation problem equals sign n over question mark\" width=\"600\" height=\"148\" class=\"js-lazy\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/429612\/original\/file-20211101-21-1ygeqgi.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=148&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 600w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/429612\/original\/file-20211101-21-1ygeqgi.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=148&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1200w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/429612\/original\/file-20211101-21-1ygeqgi.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=148&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 1800w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/429612\/original\/file-20211101-21-1ygeqgi.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=186&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 754w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/429612\/original\/file-20211101-21-1ygeqgi.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=186&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1508w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/429612\/original\/file-20211101-21-1ygeqgi.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=186&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 2262w\"><figcaption><a href=\"https:\/\/thenextweb.com\/news\/facebook-blocking-researchers-access-data-about-misinformation-syndication#\" data-url=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/intent\/tweet?url=https%3A%2F%2Feditorial.thenextweb.com%2Ftech%2F2021%2F11%2F03%2Ffacebook-blocking-researchers-access-data-about-misinformation-syndication%2F&amp;via=thenextweb&amp;related=thenextweb&amp;text=Check out this picture on: Without knowing the denominator, a numerator doesn\u2019t tell you very much. The Conversation U.S., CC BY-ND\" data-title=\"Share Without knowing the denominator, a numerator doesn\u2019t tell you very much. The Conversation U.S., CC BY-ND on Twitter\" data-width=\"685\" data-height=\"500\" class=\"post-image-share popitup\" title=\"Share Without knowing the denominator, a numerator doesn\u2019t tell you very much. The Conversation U.S., CC BY-ND on Twitter\"><i class=\"icon icon--inline icon--twitter--dark\"><\/i><\/a>Without knowing the denominator, a numerator doesn\u2019t tell you very much. The Conversation U.S., CC BY-ND<\/figcaption><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/429612\/original\/file-20211101-21-1ygeqgi.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip\" alt=\"Text that reads misinformation problem equals sign n over question mark\" width=\"600\" height=\"148\" class srcset=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/429612\/original\/file-20211101-21-1ygeqgi.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=148&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 600w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/429612\/original\/file-20211101-21-1ygeqgi.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=148&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1200w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/429612\/original\/file-20211101-21-1ygeqgi.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=148&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 1800w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/429612\/original\/file-20211101-21-1ygeqgi.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=186&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 754w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/429612\/original\/file-20211101-21-1ygeqgi.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=186&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1508w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/429612\/original\/file-20211101-21-1ygeqgi.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=186&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 2262w\"><\/noscript><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<\/figure>\n<p>Market researchers estimate that Facebook users spend from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.alexa.com\/siteinfo\/facebook.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">19 minutes a day<\/a> to <a href=\"https:\/\/techjury.net\/blog\/time-spent-on-social-media\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">38 minutes a day<\/a> on the platform. If the <a href=\"https:\/\/investor.fb.com\/investor-news\/press-release-details\/2021\/Facebook-Reports-Third-Quarter-2021-Results\/default.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">1.93 billion daily active users<\/a> of Facebook see an average of 10 posts in their daily sessions \u2013 a very conservative estimate \u2013 the denominator for that 3.8 billion pieces of information per year is 7.044 trillion (1.93 billion daily users times 10 daily posts times 365 days in a year). This means roughly 0.05% of content on Facebook are posts by these suspect Facebook pages.<\/p>\n<p>The 3.8 billion views figure encompasses all content published on these pages, including innocuous health content, so the proportion of Facebook posts that are health misinformation is smaller than one-twentieth of a percent.<\/p>\n<p>Is it worrying that there\u2019s enough misinformation on Facebook that everyone has likely encountered at least one instance? Or is it reassuring that 99.95% of what\u2019s shared on Facebook is not from the sites Avaaz warns about? Neither.<\/p>\n<h2>Misinformation distribution<\/h2>\n<p>In addition to estimating a denominator, it\u2019s also important to consider the distribution of this information. Is everyone on Facebook equally likely to encounter health misinformation? Or are people who identify as anti-vaccine or who seek out \u201calternative health\u201d information more likely to encounter this type of misinformation?<\/p>\n<p>Another social media study focusing on extremist content on YouTube offers a method for understanding the distribution of misinformation. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.adl.org\/resources\/reports\/exposure-to-alternative-extremist-content-on-youtube#executive-summary\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">Using browser data from 915 web users<\/a>, an Anti-Defamation League team recruited a large, demographically diverse sample of U.S. web users and oversampled two groups: heavy users of YouTube, and individuals who showed strong negative racial or gender biases in a set of questions asked by the investigators. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/fact-tank\/2016\/10\/25\/oversampling-is-used-to-study-small-groups-not-bias-poll-results\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">Oversampling<\/a> is surveying a small subset of a population more than its proportion of the population to better record data about the subset.<\/p>\n<p>The researchers found that 9.2% of participants viewed at least one video from an extremist channel, and 22.1% viewed at least one video from an alternative channel, during the months covered by the study. An important piece of context to note: A small group of people were responsible for most views of these videos. And more than 90% of views of extremist or \u201calternative\u201d videos were by people who reported a high level of racial or gender resentment on the pre-study survey.<\/p>\n<p>While roughly 1 in 10 people found extremist content on YouTube and 2 in 10 found content from right-wing provocateurs, most people who encountered such content \u201cbounced off\u201d it and went elsewhere. The group that found extremist content and sought more of it were people who presumably had an interest: people with strong racist and sexist attitudes.<\/p>\n<p>The authors concluded that \u201cconsumption of this potentially harmful content is instead concentrated among Americans who are already high in racial resentment,\u201d and that YouTube\u2019s algorithms may reinforce this pattern. In other words, just knowing the fraction of users who encounter extreme content doesn\u2019t tell you how many people are consuming it. For that, you need to know the distribution as well.<\/p>\n<h2>Superspreaders or whack-a-mole?<\/h2>\n<p>A widely publicized study from the anti-hate speech advocacy group Center for Countering Digital Hate titled <a href=\"https:\/\/www.counterhate.com\/pandemicprofiteers\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">Pandemic Profiteers<\/a> showed that of 30 anti-vaccine Facebook groups examined, 12 anti-vaccine celebrities were responsible for 70% of the content circulated in these groups, and the three most prominent were responsible for nearly half. But again, it\u2019s critical to ask about denominators: How many anti-vaccine groups are hosted on Facebook? And what percent of Facebook users encounter the sort of information shared in these groups?<\/p>\n<p>Without information about denominators and distribution, the study reveals something interesting about these 30 anti-vaccine Facebook groups, but nothing about medical misinformation on Facebook as a whole.<\/p>\n<p>These types of studies raise the question, \u201cIf researchers can find this content, why can\u2019t the social media platforms identify it and remove it?\u201d The Pandemic Profiteers study, which implies that Facebook could solve 70% of the medical misinformation problem by deleting only a dozen accounts, explicitly advocates for the <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/does-deplatforming-work-to-curb-hate-speech-and-calls-for-violence-3-experts-in-online-communications-weigh-in-153177\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">de-platforming<\/a> of these dealers of disinformation. However, I found that 10 of the 12 anti-vaccine influencers featured in the study have already been removed by Facebook.<\/p>\n<p>Consider Del Bigtree, one of the three most prominent spreaders of vaccination disinformation on Facebook. The problem is not that Bigtree is recruiting new anti-vaccine followers on Facebook; it\u2019s that Facebook users follow Bigtree on other websites and bring his content into their Facebook communities. It\u2019s not 12 individuals and groups posting health misinformation online \u2013 it\u2019s likely thousands of individual Facebook users sharing misinformation found elsewhere on the web, featuring these dozen people. It\u2019s much harder to ban thousands of Facebook users than it is to ban 12 anti-vaccine celebrities.<\/p>\n<p>This is why questions of denominator and distribution are critical to understanding misinformation online. Denominator and distribution allow researchers to ask how common or rare behaviors are online, and who engages in those behaviors. If millions of users are each encountering occasional bits of medical misinformation, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/politics\/2020\/12\/09\/twitter-put-warning-labels-hundreds-thousands-tweets-our-research-examined-which-worked-best\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">warning labels<\/a> might be an effective intervention. But if medical misinformation is consumed mostly by a smaller group that\u2019s actively seeking out and sharing this content, those warning labels are most likely useless.<\/p>\n<h2>Getting the right data<\/h2>\n<p>Trying to understand misinformation by counting it, without considering denominators or distribution, is what happens when good intentions collide with poor tools. No social media platform makes it possible for researchers to accurately calculate how prominent a particular piece of content is across its platform.<\/p>\n<p>Facebook restricts most researchers to its <a href=\"https:\/\/www.crowdtangle.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">Crowdtangle<\/a> tool, which shares information about content engagement, but this is not the same as content views. <a href=\"https:\/\/developer.twitter.com\/en\/developer-terms\/more-on-restricted-use-cases\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">Twitter explicitly prohibits researchers<\/a> from calculating a denominator, either the number of Twitter users or the number of tweets shared in a day. YouTube makes it so difficult to find out how many videos are hosted on their service that Google routinely asks interview candidates to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.productmanagementexercises.com\/1637\/estimate-the-total-number-of-videos-on-youtube\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">estimate the number of YouTube videos hosted<\/a> to evaluate their quantitative skills.<\/p>\n<p>The leaders of social media platforms have argued that their tools, despite their problems, <a href=\"https:\/\/phys.org\/news\/2019-02-zuckerberg-positive-facebook-firestorm.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">are good for society<\/a>, but this argument would be more convincing <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-021-02341-9\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">if researchers could independently verify that claim<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>As the societal impacts of social media become more prominent, pressure on the big tech platforms to release more data about their users and their content is likely to increase. If those companies respond by increasing the amount of information that researchers can access, look very closely: Will they let researchers study the denominator and the distribution of content online? And if not, are they afraid of what researchers will find?<!-- Below is The Conversation's page counter tag. Please DO NOT REMOVE. --><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/counter.theconversation.com\/content\/164838\/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic\" alt=\"The Conversation\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" class=\"js-lazy\"><!-- End of code. If you don't see any code above, please get new code from the Advanced tab after you click the republish button. The page counter does not collect any personal data. More info: https:\/\/theconversation.com\/republishing-guidelines --><\/p>\n<p><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/counter.theconversation.com\/content\/164838\/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic\" alt=\"The Conversation\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" class><\/noscript><\/p>\n<p><em>Article by <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/ethan-zuckerman-146097\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">Ethan Zuckerman<\/a>, Associate Professor of Public Policy, Communication, and Information, <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/university-of-massachusetts-amherst-1563\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">University of Massachusetts Amherst<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>This article is republished from <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">The Conversation<\/a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/facebook-has-a-misinformation-problem-and-is-blocking-access-to-data-about-how-much-there-is-and-who-is-affected-164838\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">original article<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n<p> <a href=\"https:\/\/thenextweb.com\/news\/facebook-blocking-researchers-access-data-about-misinformation-syndication\">Source<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Leaked internal documents suggest Facebook \u2013 which recently renamed itself Meta \u2013 is doing far worse than it claims at minimizing COVID-19 vaccine misinformation on the Facebook social media platform. Online misinformation&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":8744,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[1],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8743"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=8743"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8743\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/8744"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=8743"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=8743"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=8743"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}