{"id":8785,"date":"2021-11-05T12:29:58","date_gmt":"2021-11-05T12:29:58","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/TheNextWeb=1372215"},"modified":"2021-11-05T12:29:58","modified_gmt":"2021-11-05T12:29:58","slug":"being-a-witch-on-tiktok-seems-just-as-controversial-as-it-was-in-the-16th-century","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/?p=8785","title":{"rendered":"Being a witch on TikTok seems just as controversial as it was in the 16th century"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>It\u2019s 1.30 am, and I\u2019m about to watch a duel between magicians. One is a \u201cdemonolater\u201d, a word I have never heard before, someone who claims they worship demons and can petition them in return for knowledge or power. The other describes themselves as a \u201cSolomonic magician\u201d, and claims to be able to command demons to do his bidding, as some Jewish and Islamic traditions have believed of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Solomon\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">King Solomon<\/a>, who ruled Israel in the 10th century BC.<\/p>\n<p>I first discovered this debate because, in the course of studying 16th century books of magic attributed to Solomon, I had found, to my astonishment, that \u201cSolomonic magic\u201d is still alive and well today, and growing in popularity. Twitter had suggested to me that I might be interested in an account called \u201cSolomonic magic\u201d, and a few clicks later I had found myself immersed in a vast online community of young occultists, tweeting and retweeting the latest theories and controversies, and using TikTok to share their craft.<\/p>\n<p>To my further bemusement, it seemed that the tradition of Solomonic magic had recently faced accusations that its strict and authoritative approach to the command of demons amounted to a form of abuse, akin to domestic violence. As I had made a note in my diary of a public debate that I wanted to attend out of sheer curiosity, it seemed astonishing to be asking myself whether Solomonic magic, the same found in books of necromancy dating back hundreds of years, was on the brink of cancellation in 2021.<\/p>\n<p>At 28, I\u2019m slightly too old to be familiar with the platform Twitch, mostly used for live video streaming, but tonight I\u2019ve managed to get it working for this particular debate. As an atheist, I\u2019m very likely in the minority, though I\u2019m not the only Brit to have turned up in spite of it being such an ungodly hour this side of the pond. The chat box is buzzing as occultists of various stripes arrive to hear the arguments.<\/p>\n<p>My mum would hate this, I can\u2019t help thinking to myself. She didn\u2019t even let me read Harry Potter.<\/p>\n<p>When people ask me what I do, it\u2019s always fun to tell them, \u201cI study magic at Cambridge University.\u201d It\u2019s technically true. I\u2019m researching the representation of magic on the early modern stage, and am interested in the ways in which dangerous, forbidden or \u201coccult\u201d knowledge was theorized by Shakespeare and his contemporaries. My <a href=\"https:\/\/www.english.cam.ac.uk\/research\/renaissance\/?page_id=71\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">research<\/a> combines my fascination with the mechanisms of belief with my love of storytelling and the stage. When I\u2019m not researching plays, I\u2019m writing them: I\u2019m an award-winning playwright, whose <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rebekahkingwriter.com\/music\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">work<\/a> has been performed across the UK and abroad.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"align-center \" readability=\"2.6751592356688\">\n<p><figure class=\"post-image post-mediaBleed aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/427015\/original\/file-20211018-21-8gqtef.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip\" sizes=\"(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px\" alt width=\"600\" height=\"735\" class=\"js-lazy\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/427015\/original\/file-20211018-21-8gqtef.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=735&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 600w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/427015\/original\/file-20211018-21-8gqtef.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=735&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1200w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/427015\/original\/file-20211018-21-8gqtef.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=735&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 1800w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/427015\/original\/file-20211018-21-8gqtef.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=924&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 754w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/427015\/original\/file-20211018-21-8gqtef.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=924&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1508w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/427015\/original\/file-20211018-21-8gqtef.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=924&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 2262w\"><figcaption><a href=\"https:\/\/thenextweb.com\/news\/witch-tiktok-controversial-syndication#\" data-url=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/intent\/tweet?url=https%3A%2F%2Feditorial.thenextweb.com%2Finsights%2F2021%2F11%2F05%2Fwitch-tiktok-controversial-syndication%2F&amp;via=thenextweb&amp;related=thenextweb&amp;text=Check out this picture on: British painter George Romney was only one of many artists whose imagination was inspired by the three witches in Shakespeare\u2019s Macbeth. Wikimedia Commons.\" data-title=\"Share British painter George Romney was only one of many artists whose imagination was inspired by the three witches in Shakespeare\u2019s Macbeth. Wikimedia Commons. on Twitter\" data-width=\"685\" data-height=\"500\" class=\"post-image-share popitup\" title=\"Share British painter George Romney was only one of many artists whose imagination was inspired by the three witches in Shakespeare\u2019s Macbeth. Wikimedia Commons. on Twitter\"><i class=\"icon icon--inline icon--twitter--dark\"><\/i><\/a>British painter George Romney was only one of many artists whose imagination was inspired by the three witches in Shakespeare\u2019s Macbeth. <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/w\/index.php?search=shakespeare+witches&amp;title=Special:MediaSearch&amp;go=Go&amp;type=image\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">Wikimedia Commons<\/a>.<\/figcaption><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/427015\/original\/file-20211018-21-8gqtef.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip\" alt width=\"600\" height=\"735\" class srcset=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/427015\/original\/file-20211018-21-8gqtef.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=735&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 600w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/427015\/original\/file-20211018-21-8gqtef.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=735&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1200w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/427015\/original\/file-20211018-21-8gqtef.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=735&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 1800w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/427015\/original\/file-20211018-21-8gqtef.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=924&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 754w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/427015\/original\/file-20211018-21-8gqtef.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=924&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1508w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/427015\/original\/file-20211018-21-8gqtef.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=924&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 2262w\"><\/noscript><\/figure><figcaption><\/figcaption><\/p>\n<\/figure>\n<p>Suspending disbelief is my forte, but actually believing is something I\u2019ve never been very good at. The history of magic fascinates me because it is a history of people \u2013 of human faults and foibles, vanities, hopes, and needs \u2013 rather than because of any genuine investment in the esoteric. This is why I\u2019m here to listen to articulate and likable young people across the globe discussing theories of knowledge and the supernatural \u2013 beliefs to which I myself cannot subscribe.<\/p>\n<p>Even more astonishingly, these Generation Z occultists, with their substantial followings on Twitter and TikTok, are about to debate a form of magic that lies at the heart of my research into Shakespeare\u2019s England.<\/p>\n<h2>The rise of WitchTok<\/h2>\n<p>While the <a href=\"https:\/\/newsroom.tiktok.com\/en-us\/the-year-on-tiktok-top-100\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">most<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/newsroom.tiktok.com\/en-us\/the-year-on-tiktok-top-100\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">watched<\/a> TikTok videos may appear asinine to anyone who doesn\u2019t enjoy teenagers lip syncing to popular songs, some surprising subcultures have <a href=\"https:\/\/slate.com\/technology\/2018\/09\/tiktok-app-musically-guide.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">arisen<\/a> since the platform\u2019s inception in 2017. One of these is the \u201cWitchTok\u201d community. Videos <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/tag\/witchtok?lang=en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">labeled<\/a> #WitchTok have so far clocked up an impressive 18.7 billion views.<\/p>\n<p>I accidentally found WitchTok because I had \u2013 to my shame, I\u2019ll admit \u2013 found it calming to watch compilations of Cottagecore TikTok videos in my breaks during PhD research. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.architecturaldigest.com\/story\/what-exactly-is-cottagecore\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">Cottagecore<\/a> is a popular fashion and lifestyle aesthetic that evokes the bucolic idyll of country living. Cottagecore videos are saccharine and safe: jam is preserved, mushrooms are picked, and flowing dresses stream across ripe fields while a girlfriend holds the camera and gentle music plays.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">\n<figure>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/bZAEIAydA74&amp;t=2s\" height=\"240\" width=\"320\" allowfullscreen frameborder=\"0\">[embedded content]<\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/figure>\n<p><!--resp-video-container--><\/p>\n<figure><figcaption><span class=\"caption\">Cottagecore TikToks are perfect means of escapism, featuring castles, fields, elf ears, and magic flutes, among other elements of wonder.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>In short, it is pure escapism, and so is WitchTok; creators of WitchToks often also make Cottagecore videos. Yet, where Cottagecore offers hope for a good, green world that just might be baked and planted into existence, WitchTok audaciously skips past the bounds of possibility, and promises supernatural means of making life more bearable.<\/p>\n<p>The abundance of magic on TikTok piqued my interest, representing as it does a new frontier in popular belief. It has also caught the attention of mainstream media. In April 2021, for example, the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/ed8dd8b7-77d2-4c9c-8da8-2fa06230daf4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">Financial Times<\/a> consulted anthropologists and theologians who scrambled to interpret this strange turnout of events. Its author noted with astonishment that #WitchTok had surpassed #Biden by over 2 billion views and is now leading by around 6 billion and counting.<\/p>\n<h2>Practical magic<\/h2>\n<p>TikTok allows its users to make 15-second video clips, or a string of 15-second clips of no more than 60 seconds in total. This format lends itself to fast-paced, visually appealing content, and this has shaped the kind of magic found on WitchTok. Spells using <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/@hellgirrl\/video\/6926387569697574149\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">candles<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/@caspercrafting\/video\/6908368436359957765\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">bottles<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/@crystal.and.craft\/video\/6975195104722177285\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">crystals<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/@witchofsouthernlight\/video\/6981061126108777733?is_copy_url=1&amp;is_from_webapp=v1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">herbs<\/a> make for snappy and succinct tutorials which can be readily imitated by the viewer.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">\n<figure>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/fH6GiNqBY4A\" height=\"240\" width=\"320\" allowfullscreen frameborder=\"0\">[embedded content]<\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/figure>\n<p><!--resp-video-container--><\/p>\n<figure><figcaption><span class=\"caption\">Tarot reading has become a viral trend on WitchTok.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Interactive WitchToks are particularly popular, usually using <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/@raysradiance\/video\/6919569187098660101\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">tarot cards<\/a> or <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/@elementually\/video\/6859721092261514501\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">pendulum boards<\/a>,<br \/>where a crystal is dangled over a set of words, supposedly swinging over the truth when asked a simple question. By urging the viewer to participate, to \u201cthink of a question you want an answer for\u201d, creators are conspicuously gaming TikTok\u2019s algorithm, keeping people watching and encouraging engagement, while claiming that it was supernatural power that drew them to a video.<\/p>\n<p>Brevity is the soul of WitchTok, where complex tarot spreads are abandoned for a one or three card message told to an audience of millions in 30 seconds. Carving a magical symbol into a candle upstages convoluted and expensive ritual magic from more formal, structured esoteric systems, where a single spell can take a day or more.<\/p>\n<p>What, then, are TikTok users looking for in their magical clips of 60 seconds or less? The most common functions of a spell seem to be love, money, healing or revenge, particularly vengeance on behalf of a loved one, whether wronged by a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/@theemuses\/video\/6903298614047689989\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">school bully<\/a> or <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/@lante_scary_lives\/video\/6965873773694258437\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">abusive husband<\/a>. Magic appeals because life is unfair, and power is a pleasant fantasy. In this regard, WitchTok is no different from any other magical tradition.<\/p>\n<h2>Witchtok hunters<\/h2>\n<p>The occult subculture is a controversial one, and the witches of TikTok are a particularly powerful magnet for outrage and mockery. They have come under fire from three main types of enemies who appear in turn as caricatures in WitchTok videos.<\/p>\n<p>The first one of these is an interloper who I\u2019ll call \u201cthe angry Christian\u201d. When pantomimed in a WitchTok, the angry Christian <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/@kawaiite\/video\/6858422392864247045\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">blazes<\/a> with furious indignation, railing against the evils of magic, till they are silenced with a sassy retort or threat of a hex. The angry Christian believes in magic, in Satan and in the occult. They simply think you\u2019ll risk your soul if you engage with it. The Christians I grew up with are cut from precisely this cloth.<\/p>\n<p>Less common than the angry Christian but occupying a similarly villainous role is \u201cthe smarmy skeptic\u201d, the unbeliever who has no interest in any kind of faith. WitchTok videos often dramatize fantasy conversations with them, imagining ominous <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/@gothictrashpanda\/video\/6836797381837606149\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">retorts<\/a>: \u201cDon\u2019t believe in curses? Sure! Just give me a lock of your hair then \u2026 no?\u201d In some ways the smarmy skeptic is worse than the angry Christian, refusing point blank to be \u201cspiritual\u201d at all. I\u2019m afraid this is probably the category into which I would be placed.<\/p>\n<p>Intriguingly, however, a third opponent has arisen from within the occult community itself. This is what I am calling \u201cthe learned magician\u201d, a practitioner who takes the occult seriously as a complex and scholarly pursuit, delighting in the theory, the complexity of rituals, and the broader philosophical implications of their beliefs.<\/p>\n<p>Not quite so TikTok-friendly, they tend to make an occasional appearance when the trends of WitchTok deviate from the logic of a particular magical system, stepping in to correct the new \u201cbaby witches\u201d and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/@daatdarling\/video\/7006693454294142214?lang=en&amp;is_copy_url=1&amp;is_from_webapp=v1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">expressing<\/a> exasperation with controversies that will sound familiar even to those with no interest in the occult. (Is it cultural appropriation to wear an evil eye pendant? Does calling for discipline in magical ritual equate to a form of fascism?)<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">\n<figure>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/Z2Vi5ESTJ2I\" height=\"240\" width=\"320\" allowfullscreen frameborder=\"0\">[embedded content]<\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/figure>\n<p><!--resp-video-container--><\/p>\n<figure><figcaption><span class=\"caption\">Learned magicians sometimes take to TikTok to set the record straight for \u2018baby witches\u2019.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Some learned magicians are attempting to bridge the gap. Gen-Z occultist Georgina Rose or \u201cDa\u2019at Darling\u201d \u2013 who has convened the debate between the demonolater and Solomonic mage to which I am about to listen \u2013 puts out a prolific array of content ranging from introductory YouTube lectures to witty tweets and TikToks.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/panmankey\/2021\/07\/why-we-need-to-defendoccultbooks\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">Upset<\/a> by the \u201crise of anti-intellectualism in Generation-Z heavy online occult spaces\u201d, she responded, appropriately, with a successful TikTok hashtag: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/tag\/defendoccultbooks?lang=en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">#DefendOccultBooks<\/a>. Perhaps not an outright \u201cenemy\u201d of Witchtok, after all \u2013 as \u201cDa\u2019at Darling\u201d puts it, \u201cit is important to reach this platform, so new practitioners can have good information on the occult\u201d \u2013 the learned magician is still, at best, tolerant of the trends of TikTok spirituality.<\/p>\n<p>Here, then, is a new theatre of ideas where innovative technology has not quelled ancient magical practices but has advanced them, giving rise to new forms of faith and schism. If the unbelieving reader is asking themselves how a new age of occultism has arisen in a supposedly enlightened modern age, when surely the tech-literate young know better than to return to ancient superstition, they need look no further than a parallel series of events in Shakespeare\u2019s England. This was a time when innovations in technology and culture served to reinvent and energize ancient magical beliefs.<\/p>\n<h2>The occult renaissance<\/h2>\n<p>In medieval England, getting your hands on a book of magic was a tricky business. Prior to the invention of the printing press, handwritten texts were passed around in manuscript form between those lucky enough to have been taught how to read. Costly and time-consuming, the production of a book was simply not worth the effort unless the contents truly mattered.<\/p>\n<p>In spite of this, from the mid-13th century onwards, a series of treatises that dealt with occult knowledge were translated into Latin and various European languages, slipping covertly between the personal libraries of wealthy men. If the Renaissance can be characterized more widely as a period of translation of classical wisdom, so too was it an era when occult \u201cwisdom\u201d began to circulate more widely than before.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"align-center \" readability=\"3.2989690721649\">\n<p><figure class=\"post-image post-mediaBleed aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/427202\/original\/file-20211019-25-mfapou.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip\" sizes=\"(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px\" alt=\"Grimoires, or \u2018spellbooks\u2019, had a great influence on science and religion. Wikimedia Commons.\" width=\"600\" height=\"429\" class=\"js-lazy\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/427202\/original\/file-20211019-25-mfapou.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=429&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 600w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/427202\/original\/file-20211019-25-mfapou.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=429&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1200w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/427202\/original\/file-20211019-25-mfapou.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=429&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 1800w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/427202\/original\/file-20211019-25-mfapou.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=540&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 754w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/427202\/original\/file-20211019-25-mfapou.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=540&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1508w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/427202\/original\/file-20211019-25-mfapou.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=540&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 2262w\"><figcaption><a href=\"https:\/\/thenextweb.com\/news\/witch-tiktok-controversial-syndication#\" data-url=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/intent\/tweet?url=https%3A%2F%2Feditorial.thenextweb.com%2Finsights%2F2021%2F11%2F05%2Fwitch-tiktok-controversial-syndication%2F&amp;via=thenextweb&amp;related=thenextweb&amp;text=Check out this picture on: Grimoires, or \u2018spellbooks\u2019, had a great influence on science and religion. Wikimedia Commons.\" data-title=\"Share Grimoires, or \u2018spellbooks\u2019, had a great influence on science and religion. Wikimedia Commons. on Twitter\" data-width=\"685\" data-height=\"500\" class=\"post-image-share popitup\" title=\"Share Grimoires, or \u2018spellbooks\u2019, had a great influence on science and religion. Wikimedia Commons. on Twitter\"><i class=\"icon icon--inline icon--twitter--dark\"><\/i><\/a>Grimoires, or \u2018spellbooks\u2019, had a great influence on science and religion. <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/w\/index.php?search=grimoire&amp;title=Special:MediaSearch&amp;go=Go&amp;type=image\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">Wikimedia Commons<\/a>.<\/figcaption><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/427202\/original\/file-20211019-25-mfapou.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip\" alt=\"Grimoires, or \u2018spellbooks\u2019, had a great influence on science and religion. Wikimedia Commons.\" width=\"600\" height=\"429\" class srcset=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/427202\/original\/file-20211019-25-mfapou.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=429&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 600w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/427202\/original\/file-20211019-25-mfapou.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=429&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1200w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/427202\/original\/file-20211019-25-mfapou.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=429&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 1800w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/427202\/original\/file-20211019-25-mfapou.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=540&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 754w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/427202\/original\/file-20211019-25-mfapou.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=540&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1508w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/427202\/original\/file-20211019-25-mfapou.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=540&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 2262w\"><\/noscript><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<\/figure>\n<p>Books of magic, or \u201cgrimoires\u201d, a word which derives from the French <em>grammaire<\/em>, promised, like ordinary school grammars, to teach the reader the rudiments of a new language, though this was the language of spell-making and devil-raising. Grimoires were frequently attributed to famous men of esoteric learning, and the wise king Solomon, in particular, appealed to Christian readers. If Solomon had authored such a text, could not the wise Christian reader likewise practice the occult without endangering his soul?<\/p>\n<p>Rumor of the grimoires and their grim rituals would circulate widely throughout the medieval era while the actual, often comparatively bland contents, remained obscure.<\/p>\n<h2>The occult reformation<\/h2>\n<p>The introduction of printing press technology to Europe in the 15th century revolutionized the speed and scale by which all texts could be produced. It was the printing press which facilitated the Protestant Reformation, and it was also the printing press which was responsible for the introduction of the occult grimoires to a larger audience than ever before.<\/p>\n<p>Surprisingly, this occult reformation was enacted not by magicians themselves, but by a series of skeptics who believed that, by revealing in print the content of infamous esoteric manuscripts, they could expose them to the ridicule that they deserved.<\/p>\n<p>Dutch scholar Johann Weyer\u2019s Latin treatise <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/De_praestigiis_daemonum\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\"><em>De Praestigiis Daemonum<\/em><\/a> or \u201cOn the Tricks of Demons\u201d was published in 1563. It was one of the first great skeptical works debunking magic, criticizing notorious witch hunting manuals like the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Malleus-maleficarum\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\"><em>Malleus Maleficarum<\/em><\/a>, and, indeed, successfully curbing some of the continental witch trials. Weyer\u2019s work had a huge influence on one Englishman in particular, Reginald Scot, who borrowed from it in his own book, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.gutenberg.org\/files\/60766\/60766-h\/60766-h.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">The Discovery of Witchcraft<\/a>, first published in 1584.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"post-image post-mediaBleed aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1372227 js-lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn0.tnwcdn.com\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/1\/files\/2021\/11\/file-20211019-18-uz3867.jpeg\" alt=\"The Malleus Maleficarum is a manual for hunting witches that would serve as guidance for 15th century witch trials. Wikimedia Commons,\" width=\"600\" height=\"813\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn0.tnwcdn.com\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/1\/files\/2021\/11\/file-20211019-18-uz3867.jpeg 600w, https:\/\/cdn0.tnwcdn.com\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/1\/files\/2021\/11\/file-20211019-18-uz3867-155x210.jpeg 155w, https:\/\/cdn0.tnwcdn.com\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/1\/files\/2021\/11\/file-20211019-18-uz3867-100x135.jpeg 100w, https:\/\/cdn0.tnwcdn.com\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/1\/files\/2021\/11\/file-20211019-18-uz3867-199x270.jpeg 199w\"><figcaption><a href=\"https:\/\/thenextweb.com\/news\/witch-tiktok-controversial-syndication#\" data-url=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/intent\/tweet?url=https%3A%2F%2Feditorial.thenextweb.com%2Finsights%2F2021%2F11%2F05%2Fwitch-tiktok-controversial-syndication%2F&amp;via=thenextweb&amp;related=thenextweb&amp;text=Check out this picture on: The Malleus Maleficarum is a manual for hunting witches that would serve as guidance for 15th century witch trials. Wikimedia Commons,\" data-title=\"Share The Malleus Maleficarum is a manual for hunting witches that would serve as guidance for 15th century witch trials. Wikimedia Commons, on Twitter\" data-width=\"685\" data-height=\"500\" class=\"post-image-share popitup\" title=\"Share The Malleus Maleficarum is a manual for hunting witches that would serve as guidance for 15th century witch trials. Wikimedia Commons, on Twitter\"><i class=\"icon icon--inline icon--twitter--dark\"><\/i><\/a>The Malleus Maleficarum is a manual for hunting witches that would serve as guidance for 15th century witch trials. Wikimedia Commons,<\/figcaption><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1372227\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn0.tnwcdn.com\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/1\/files\/2021\/11\/file-20211019-18-uz3867.jpeg\" alt=\"The Malleus Maleficarum is a manual for hunting witches that would serve as guidance for 15th century witch trials. Wikimedia Commons,\" width=\"600\" height=\"813\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn0.tnwcdn.com\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/1\/files\/2021\/11\/file-20211019-18-uz3867.jpeg 600w, https:\/\/cdn0.tnwcdn.com\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/1\/files\/2021\/11\/file-20211019-18-uz3867-155x210.jpeg 155w, https:\/\/cdn0.tnwcdn.com\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/1\/files\/2021\/11\/file-20211019-18-uz3867-100x135.jpeg 100w, https:\/\/cdn0.tnwcdn.com\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/1\/files\/2021\/11\/file-20211019-18-uz3867-199x270.jpeg 199w\"><\/noscript><\/figure>\n<p>Scot \u201cEnglished\u201d much of this appendix for his book, concluding scathingly: \u201cHe that can be perswaded that these things are true \u2026 may soone be brought to beleeve that the moone is made of green cheese.\u201dScot\u2019s The Discovery is a thrilling expos\u00e9 of both the folk magic practied by witches and the \u201clearned\u201d magic found in grimoires, particularly those attributed to Solomon. Weyer had included, as an appendix to <em>De Praestigiis Daemonum<\/em>, a direct translation of a Solomonic grimoire which listed the names and ranks of various demons, and how a magician might go about conjuring and commanding them as, supposedly, could Solomon.<\/p>\n<p>Though by no means an atheist \u2013 nobody was, at least not openly, in the 1500s \u2013 Scot was certainly a smarmy skeptic, and The Discovery shares the exasperated horror of Richard Dawkin\u2019s The God Delusion (2006) at the excesses of superstition and belief. Joined by George Gifford\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/quod.lib.umich.edu\/e\/eebo\/A01718.0001.001?view=toc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">A discourse of the Subtill Practices of Deuilles by Vvitches and Sorcerers by which Men are and Haue Bin Greatly Deluded<\/a> (1587) and Henry Howard\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/quod.lib.umich.edu\/e\/eebo2\/A03738.0001.001?view=toc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">A Defensatiue Against the Poyson of Supposed Prophesies<\/a> (1583), Scot\u2019s treatise seemed to ride the crest of a new wave of skepticism concerning the whole project of magic in general.<\/p>\n<p>Surely the genie was out of the bottle (or demon out of the brazen bowl, as the Solomonic grimoires would describe it). Now that occult beliefs had been so thoroughly exposed and ridiculed, how could they possibly survive?<\/p>\n<h2>King James and the witches<\/h2>\n<p>In 1597, King James VI of Scotland, who would inherit the English throne in 1603, published an extraordinary treatise: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bl.uk\/collection-items\/king-james-vi-and-is-demonology-1597\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\"><em>Daemonologie<\/em><\/a>. The book was not, as the name might suggest, a grimoire-like guide to the conjuration of demons, but rather a serious study of demonic power and the harm it could inflict. King James did not accept the suggestion that any man, even if he was as wise as Solomon, could seriously practice magic without risk to his soul. Nor did he believe, as the smarmy skeptics did, that there was no real threat whatsoever.<\/p>\n<p>James was an angry Christian, a man who believed, sincerely, in the power of the occult and felt duty-bound to protect his people from it in all its forms. He had nothing but contempt for the likes of Scot, whom he regarded, in much the same way as a modern Christian fundamentalist might regard an unbeliever, as a dangerous mocker who did the Devil\u2019s work for him by dismissing the real threat that magic posed.<\/p>\n<p>Even worse, Scot and his fellows had inadvertently introduced into printed English, for the first time, the detail of dangerous grimoire magic which had formerly reached only limited circulation. While it is a myth that James ordered copies of The Discovery to be burned, extracts from the text were indeed consigned to the fire during the witch trials of the 17th century, when sections were found, freed from their original skeptical context, in the documents of those accused of witchcraft.<\/p>\n<h2>One devil too many<\/h2>\n<p>My PhD looks specifically at the fallout of this fascinating cultural clash in the work of the early modern dramatists, and I am particularly interested in the overlooked presence of Solomon in these debates. Most famously, it was Marlowe\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/www.gutenberg.org\/files\/779\/779-h\/779-h.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">Doctor Faustus<\/a> which sparked a vogue for plays that dealt with the question of the learned magician.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"align-center \" readability=\"2.4950495049505\">\n<p><figure class=\"post-image post-mediaBleed aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/427210\/original\/file-20211019-20-pnszw0.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip\" sizes=\"(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px\" alt=\"Doctor Faustus raised many objections due to its interplay with the demonic realm. Wikimedia Commons, CC BY\" width=\"600\" height=\"492\" class=\"js-lazy\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/427210\/original\/file-20211019-20-pnszw0.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=492&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 600w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/427210\/original\/file-20211019-20-pnszw0.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=492&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1200w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/427210\/original\/file-20211019-20-pnszw0.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=492&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 1800w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/427210\/original\/file-20211019-20-pnszw0.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=619&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 754w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/427210\/original\/file-20211019-20-pnszw0.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=619&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1508w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/427210\/original\/file-20211019-20-pnszw0.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=619&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 2262w\"><figcaption><a href=\"https:\/\/thenextweb.com\/news\/witch-tiktok-controversial-syndication#\" data-url=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/intent\/tweet?url=https%3A%2F%2Feditorial.thenextweb.com%2Finsights%2F2021%2F11%2F05%2Fwitch-tiktok-controversial-syndication%2F&amp;via=thenextweb&amp;related=thenextweb&amp;text=Check out this picture on: Doctor Faustus raised many objections due to its interplay with the demonic realm. Wikimedia Commons.\" data-title=\"Share Doctor Faustus raised many objections due to its interplay with the demonic realm. Wikimedia Commons. on Twitter\" data-width=\"685\" data-height=\"500\" class=\"post-image-share popitup\" title=\"Share Doctor Faustus raised many objections due to its interplay with the demonic realm. Wikimedia Commons. on Twitter\"><i class=\"icon icon--inline icon--twitter--dark\"><\/i><\/a>Doctor Faustus raised many objections due to its interplay with the demonic realm. <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/w\/index.php?search=marlowe+faustus&amp;title=Special:MediaSearch&amp;go=Go&amp;type=image\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">Wikimedia Commons<\/a>.<\/figcaption><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/427210\/original\/file-20211019-20-pnszw0.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip\" alt=\"Doctor Faustus raised many objections due to its interplay with the demonic realm. Wikimedia Commons, CC BY\" width=\"600\" height=\"492\" class srcset=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/427210\/original\/file-20211019-20-pnszw0.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=492&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 600w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/427210\/original\/file-20211019-20-pnszw0.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=492&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1200w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/427210\/original\/file-20211019-20-pnszw0.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=492&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 1800w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/427210\/original\/file-20211019-20-pnszw0.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=619&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 754w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/427210\/original\/file-20211019-20-pnszw0.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=619&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1508w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/427210\/original\/file-20211019-20-pnszw0.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=619&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 2262w\"><\/noscript><\/figure><figcaption><\/figcaption><\/p>\n<\/figure>\n<p>Written in around 1588, Doctor Faustus drew on Scot\u2019s The Discovery in its representation of magic, yet discarded its dismissive tone. Faustus succeeds in summoning the demon Mephistopheles, and signs away his soul in a contract written with his own blood in return for 24 years of power. After wasting his time on petty vengeances, greed, and lust, Faustus is finally sent to hell.<\/p>\n<p>Rumour circulated that an extra devil had been seen on stage during the play, a fact which the Puritan William Prynne would gleefully repeat as proof of the evils of theatre in his <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Histrio-Mastix-The-Players-Scourge-or-Actors-tragoedie\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\"><em>Histriomastix<\/em><\/a>, 1632. Magicians who both did and did not achieve their hoped-for Solomonic command of occult forces would populate the English stage for decades.<\/p>\n<p>Scot and the skeptics had indeed laid bare the detail of occult belief, and their work was highly influential, but it had precisely the opposite of their desired effect. Advances in technology, accessible English translations and an entertainment industry hungry for a good story had conspired to democratize magic. The process they unwittingly began continues today on TikTok and elsewhere.<\/p>\n<h2>Solomon on trial<\/h2>\n<p>It\u2019s a strange truth that grimoire magic is more widely available in 2021 than ever before, and that it is the internet which has popularised exactly the same material that was hidden in a handful of libraries for the first few hundred years of its presence in Europe.<\/p>\n<p>With the debate about the ethics of Solomonic magic underway on Twitch, I hardly dare imagine Scot\u2019s horror, much less King James\u2019s, to hear phrases like \u201cpro-demon rights\u201d from a young person describing themselves as a \u201cdemonolater\u201d and \u201cmagic is the scientific study of conversations with spiritual beings\u201d from a self-professed \u201cSolomonic mage\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>The latter has done a good job of persuading the Twitch stream that commanding demons is not inherently disrespectful, though a poorly-judged comparison between the authority of the magician and that of the policeman sparks momentary indignation in the chat.<\/p>\n<p>Nevertheless, the debate is civil and ends with discussions of new online editions of the rare grimoires. It seems the magical incarnation of King Solomon will live to exorcise another day, and I can\u2019t say I\u2019m surprised. The historical inability of skeptical dismissals and technological advances to do anything other than encouraging belief in magic has persuaded me that the fundamentalists are right in one respect: speak of the devil and he shall appear \u2013 and that goes for TikTok too.<\/p>\n<p><em>Article by <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/rebekah-king-1272949\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">Rebekah King<\/a>, PhD Candidate, Faculty of English, <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/university-of-cambridge-1283\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">University of Cambridge<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>This article is republished from <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">The Conversation<\/a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/witchtok-the-rise-of-the-occult-on-social-media-has-eerie-parallels-with-the-16th-century-168322\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">original article<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n<p> <a href=\"https:\/\/thenextweb.com\/news\/witch-tiktok-controversial-syndication\">Source<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>It\u2019s 1.30 am, and I\u2019m about to watch a duel between magicians. One is a \u201cdemonolater\u201d, a word I have never heard before, someone who claims they worship demons and can petition&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":8786,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[1],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8785"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=8785"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8785\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/8786"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=8785"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=8785"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=8785"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}