{"id":8787,"date":"2021-11-05T13:14:26","date_gmt":"2021-11-05T13:14:26","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/TheNextWeb=1372234"},"modified":"2021-11-05T13:14:26","modified_gmt":"2021-11-05T13:14:26","slug":"jabba-the-hutt-inspires-human-style-eyes-for-robots","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/?p=8787","title":{"rendered":"Jabba the Hutt inspires human-style eyes for robots"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>In humanoid robots, artificial eyes are often referred to as dolls\u2019 eyes because they are made from glass or acrylic. This is a problem as their pupils don\u2019t respond like living human eyes do. Pupils are important as they emit visual signals that we subconsciously interpret as <a href=\"https:\/\/kids.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/frym.2019.00003\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">emotions and understanding<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>For many scientists working in robotics, replicating <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/our-turing-test-for-androids-will-judge-how-lifelike-humanoid-robots-can-be-120696\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">human qualities<\/a> is an important part of our work. To that end, my <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9709\/8\/4\/64\/xml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">research<\/a> is the first to create robotic eyes that react to both light and emotion using an artificial muscle. This will help them to interact with people, who tend to be more comfortable with robotic features that mirror their own. More lifelike robots will allow people to interact with technology more naturally.<\/p>\n<p>My work was inspired by meeting John Coppinger, one of the engineers of Jabba the Hutt, from the 1983 film Star Wars: Return of the Jedi. Coppinger designed the <a href=\"https:\/\/johncoppinger.com\/filmwork.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">dilating eyes<\/a> of Jabba, and we spoke about the difficulties of making something similar to fit a human-sized eye due to the complexity of the mechanisms.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"post-image post-mediaBleed aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1372237 js-lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn0.tnwcdn.com\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/1\/files\/2021\/11\/file-20211029-25-14nbhto.jpeg\" alt=\"Research inspired by Star Wars\u2019 Jabba the Hutt created human-style eyes for robots. Photo12\/Alamy\" width=\"600\" height=\"274\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn0.tnwcdn.com\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/1\/files\/2021\/11\/file-20211029-25-14nbhto.jpeg 600w, https:\/\/cdn0.tnwcdn.com\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/1\/files\/2021\/11\/file-20211029-25-14nbhto-280x128.jpeg 280w, https:\/\/cdn0.tnwcdn.com\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/1\/files\/2021\/11\/file-20211029-25-14nbhto-270x123.jpeg 270w, https:\/\/cdn0.tnwcdn.com\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/1\/files\/2021\/11\/file-20211029-25-14nbhto-540x247.jpeg 540w\"><figcaption><a href=\"https:\/\/thenextweb.com\/news\/jabba-the-hutt-inspires-human-style-eyes-for-robots-syndication#\" data-url=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/intent\/tweet?url=https%3A%2F%2Feditorial.thenextweb.com%2Fneural%2F2021%2F11%2F05%2Fjabba-the-hutt-inspires-human-style-eyes-for-robots-syndication%2F&amp;via=thenextweb&amp;related=thenextweb&amp;text=Check out this picture on: Research inspired by Star Wars\u2019 Jabba the Hutt created human-style eyes for robots. Photo12\/Alamy\" data-title=\"Share Research inspired by Star Wars\u2019 Jabba the Hutt created human-style eyes for robots. Photo12\/Alamy on Twitter\" data-width=\"685\" data-height=\"500\" class=\"post-image-share popitup\" title=\"Share Research inspired by Star Wars\u2019 Jabba the Hutt created human-style eyes for robots. Photo12\/Alamy on Twitter\"><i class=\"icon icon--inline icon--twitter--dark\"><\/i><\/a>Research inspired by Star Wars\u2019 Jabba the Hutt created human-style eyes for robots. Photo12\/Alamy<\/figcaption><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1372237\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn0.tnwcdn.com\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/1\/files\/2021\/11\/file-20211029-25-14nbhto.jpeg\" alt=\"Research inspired by Star Wars\u2019 Jabba the Hutt created human-style eyes for robots. Photo12\/Alamy\" width=\"600\" height=\"274\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn0.tnwcdn.com\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/1\/files\/2021\/11\/file-20211029-25-14nbhto.jpeg 600w, https:\/\/cdn0.tnwcdn.com\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/1\/files\/2021\/11\/file-20211029-25-14nbhto-280x128.jpeg 280w, https:\/\/cdn0.tnwcdn.com\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/1\/files\/2021\/11\/file-20211029-25-14nbhto-270x123.jpeg 270w, https:\/\/cdn0.tnwcdn.com\/wp-content\/blogs.dir\/1\/files\/2021\/11\/file-20211029-25-14nbhto-540x247.jpeg 540w\"><\/noscript><\/figure>\n<h2>How it works<\/h2>\n<p>It has taken over four years of lab experiments to get the right materials for robotic eyes to function like human eyes. You can see the results in the lead image. To replicate the soft tissue of the human iris, we 3D-printed a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.healthline.com\/nutrition\/gelatin-benefits#TOC_TITLE_HDR_3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">colourized gelatine<\/a> membrane using a digital map of a human eye. Unlike glass and acrylic, gelatine is natural, highly flexible, and can hold an image. In the center of each iris are holes, which we refer to as portals. One can fit a camera to see the world, while the other is for a photo-sensor to measure light.<\/p>\n<p>To make the pupils expand and contract, as they do when people are happy or scared, we made an <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S0924424719304078\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">artificial muscle<\/a> from a stretched silicone membrane, coated on each side with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.graphene-info.com\/graphene-introduction\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">graphene<\/a>. When they are activated, they squish the silicone membrane together giving a contraction effect. Graphene is so fine that a single coating allows light to pass through it like a human eye.<\/p>\n<p>An artificial muscle is activated by creating a positive and negative field of static electricity on each side of the membrane that compresses and relaxes the muscle with high and low voltage. Think of squeezing an object on each side, and then letting it release. The surface area will increase and decrease with the amount of pressure you apply to it. To further help create human-like eyes we used a flexible <a href=\"https:\/\/tractus3d.com\/materials\/tpu\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">3D-printed material<\/a> to hold the artificial muscles and sensors in place.<\/p>\n<p>Another feature of the robot eye is that it can respond to both light and emotion simultaneously. This is vital for accurately emulating the functionality of the human eye, but robot eyes have not been able to do it before.<\/p>\n<p>A microprocessor switches the robot\u2019s eyes between emotion and light modes so the eyes can react just as human eyes do: in humans, our pupils expand in reaction to light and happiness, and contract in darker places and when we are more unhappy.<\/p>\n<p>When the robot is interacting with someone, a camera uses machine-learning software to predict their emotional state from their facial expressions. This assigns an emotion to the robot such as happiness or sadness and sends a message to the pupils to expand or get smaller accordingly. Similarly, in light mode, the robot\u2019s pupil dilates in darkness and shrinks in brighter conditions.<\/p>\n<h2>Why robots need human eyes<\/h2>\n<p>The benefit of creating more lifelike robots is that they allow people to interact with technology more naturally. This is important as for some people, a human-like interface <a href=\"https:\/\/journals.plos.org\/plosone\/article?id=10.1371\/journal.pone.0072589\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">is comforting<\/a> and can <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-97527-6\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">improve how humans react<\/a> to robots.<\/p>\n<p>This should make it easier for robots to socially interact with people, which could be useful for <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vox.com\/future-perfect\/2020\/9\/9\/21418390\/robots-pandemic-loneliness-isolation-elderly-seniors\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">people living alone<\/a>. Over time, robots will hopefully be able to provide them with additional support and companionship. To learn more about how robots\u2019 eyes needed to react, I carried out an experiment with people watching different videos. They then stared into an artificial light at different levels of brightness. Participants wore a pupil-tracking headset which recorded their pupil dilation and light frequencies, and this was used to fine-tune the robot eyes.<\/p>\n<p>In the final experiment, robotic eyes were installed inside a realistic humanoid robot and compared against a robot with standard acrylic eyes. They were then tested out on humans to measure emotion and attention. Participants who noticed the robots\u2019 eye dilation showed heightened emotion and attention levels.<\/p>\n<p>These results show the benefits of these robotic eyes so people react to them more naturally. This is important because otherwise humanoid robots appear <a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12369-020-00726-w\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">unemotional<\/a>. By replicating subtle gestures and cues, we increase our understanding and familiarity with robots. This includes things like <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencefocus.com\/future-technology\/podcast-transcript-dr-carl-strathearn-on-realistic-humanoid-robots\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">lip synchronization<\/a>, speech tonality, and facial expressions.<\/p>\n<p>One day we could have robots that are so human-like that are virtually indistinguishable from ourselves, even when looking into their eyes.<\/p>\n<p><em>The code, schematics, and video footage of the robotic eyes are now available on <a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/carlstrath\/Robotic_Eye_System\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">Github<\/a> for any engineer to improve the design and use them in their own projects.<\/em><!-- Below is The Conversation's page counter tag. Please DO NOT REMOVE. --><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/counter.theconversation.com\/content\/169508\/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic\" alt=\"The Conversation\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" class=\"js-lazy\"><!-- End of code. If you don't see any code above, please get new code from the Advanced tab after you click the republish button. The page counter does not collect any personal data. More info: https:\/\/theconversation.com\/republishing-guidelines --><\/p>\n<p><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/counter.theconversation.com\/content\/169508\/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic\" alt=\"The Conversation\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" class><\/noscript><\/p>\n<p><em>Article by <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/carl-strathearn-1196677\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">Carl Strathearn<\/a>, Research Fellow, Computing, <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/edinburgh-napier-university-696\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">Edinburgh Napier University<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>This article is republished from <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">The Conversation<\/a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/ive-created-human-style-eyes-for-robots-with-some-inspiration-from-jabba-the-hutt-169508\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">original article<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n<p> <a href=\"https:\/\/thenextweb.com\/news\/jabba-the-hutt-inspires-human-style-eyes-for-robots-syndication\">Source<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In humanoid robots, artificial eyes are often referred to as dolls\u2019 eyes because they are made from glass or acrylic. This is a problem as their pupils don\u2019t respond like living human&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":8788,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[1],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8787"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=8787"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8787\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/8788"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=8787"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=8787"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=8787"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}