{"id":8850,"date":"2021-11-09T15:03:53","date_gmt":"2021-11-09T15:03:53","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/TheNextWeb=1372615"},"modified":"2021-11-09T15:03:53","modified_gmt":"2021-11-09T15:03:53","slug":"paging-the-plagiarism-police-ai-is-getting-better-at-writing-students-essays","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/?p=8850","title":{"rendered":"Paging the plagiarism police \u2014 AI is getting better at writing students\u2019 essays"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>The dramatic rise of online learning during the COVID-19 pandemic has spotlit concerns about the role of technology in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.technologyreview.com\/2020\/08\/07\/1006132\/software-algorithms-proctoring-online-tests-ai-ethics\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">exam surveillance<\/a> \u2014 and also <a href=\"https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2021\/08\/27\/1031255390\/reports-of-cheating-at-colleges-soar-during-the-pandemic\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">in student cheating<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Some universities have reported <a href=\"https:\/\/kitchener.ctvnews.ca\/more-students-cheating-during-online-classes-universities-say-1.5234890\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">more cheating<\/a> during the pandemic, and such concerns are unfolding in a climate where <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/can-robots-write-machine-learning-produces-dazzling-results-but-some-assembly-is-still-required-146090\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">technologies that allow for the automation of writing<\/a> continue to improve.<\/p>\n<p>Over the past two years, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/bernardmarr\/2020\/10\/05\/what-is-gpt-3-and-why-is-it-revolutionizing-artificial-intelligence\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">the ability of artificial intelligence<\/a> to generate writing has leaped <a href=\"https:\/\/www.itbusinessedge.com\/development\/what-is-gpt-3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">forward significantly<\/a>, particularly with the development of what\u2019s known as the language generator GPT-3. With this, companies such as <a href=\"https:\/\/venturebeat.com\/2021\/01\/12\/google-trained-a-trillion-parameter-ai-language-model\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">Google<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/analyticsindiamag.com\/nvidia-microsoft-introduce-new-language-model-mt-nlg-with-530-billion-parameters-leaves-gpt-3-behind\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">Microsoft, and NVIDIA<\/a> can now produce <a href=\"https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/hannahmayer\/2021\/01\/02\/revolutionary-nlp-model-gpt-3-poised-to-redefine-ai-and-next-generation-of-startups\/?sh=baed6d677b3c\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">\u201chuman-like\u201d text<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>AI-generated writing has raised the stakes of how universities and schools will gauge <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40979-016-0013-y\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">what constitutes academic misconduct, such as plagiarism<\/a>. As scholars with an interest <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40979-018-0028-7\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">in academic integrity<\/a> and the intersections of work, society, and educators\u2019 labor, we believe that <a href=\"https:\/\/www.universityaffairs.ca\/opinion\/in-my-opinion\/what-happens-when-a-machine-can-write-as-well-as-an-academic\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">educators and parents should be, at the very least, paying close attention to these significant developments<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h2>AI &amp; academic writing<\/h2>\n<p>The use of technology in academic writing is already widespread. For example, many <a href=\"https:\/\/edscoop.com\/ohio-university-anti-plagiarism-analytics\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">universities already use text-based plagiarism detectors like Turnitin<\/a>, while students might use <a href=\"https:\/\/techcrunch.com\/2021\/09\/14\/grammarly-sdk-beta-lets-developers-embed-text-editing-into-any-web-app\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">Grammarly<\/a>, a cloud-based writing assistant. Examples of writing support include automatic text generation, extraction, prediction, mining, form-filling, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40979-018-0036-7\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">paraphrasing<\/a>, translation, and transcription.<\/p>\n<p>Advancements in AI technology have led to new tools, products and services <a href=\"https:\/\/copyblogger.com\/algorithm-writing\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">being offered to writers<\/a> to improve <a href=\"https:\/\/rytr.me\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">content and efficiency<\/a>. As these improve, soon <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/commentisfree\/2020\/sep\/08\/robot-wrote-this-article-gpt-3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">entire articles<\/a> or <a href=\"https:\/\/futurism.com\/grad-student-neural-network-write-papers\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">essays might be<\/a> generated and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/adamgeller\/2021\/04\/05\/can-ai-computers-write-essays-better-than-you\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">written entirely by artificial intelligence<\/a>. In schools, the implications of such developments will undoubtedly shape the future of learning, writing, and teaching. Misconduct concerns are already widespread<\/p>\n<p>Research has revealed that <a href=\"https:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/1880\/113463\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">concerns over academic misconduct are already widespread across institutions of higher education in Canada<\/a> and internationally.<\/p>\n<p>In Canada, there is little data regarding the rates of misconduct. Research published in 2006 based on <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.47678\/cjhe.v36i2.183537\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">data from mostly undergraduate students at 11 higher education institutions<\/a> found 53 percent reported having engaged in one or more instances of serious cheating on written work, which was defined as copying material without footnoting, copying material almost word for word, submitting work done by someone else, fabricating or falsifying a bibliography, submitting a paper they either bought or got from someone else for free.<\/p>\n<p>Academic misconduct is in all likelihood <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/cheating-may-be-under-reported-across-canadas-universities-and-colleges-129292\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">under-reported across Canadian higher education institutions<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>There are different types of violations of academic integrity, including <a href=\"https:\/\/products.abc-clio.com\/ABC-CLIOCorporate\/product.aspx?pc=A6237P\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">plagiarism<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/universities-unite-against-the-academic-black-market-85232\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">contract cheating<\/a> (where students hire other people to write their papers), and exam cheating, <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/when-does-getting-help-on-an-assignment-turn-into-cheating-120215\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">among others<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Unfortunately, with technology, students can use their ingenuity and entrepreneurialism to cheat. These concerns are also applicable to faculty members, academics, and writers in other fields, bringing new concerns surrounding academic integrity and AI such as:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>If a piece of writing was 49 percent written by AI, with the remaining 51 percent written by a human, is this considered original work?<\/li>\n<li>What if an essay was 100 percent written by AI, but a student did some of the coding themselves?<\/li>\n<li>What qualifies as \u201cAI assistance\u201d as opposed to \u201cacademic cheating\u201d?<\/li>\n<li>Do the same rules apply to students as they would to academics and researchers?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>We are asking these questions in <a href=\"https:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/1880\/113569\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">our own research<\/a>, and we know that in the face of all this, educators will be required to consider how writing can be effectively assessed or evaluated as these technologies improve.<\/p>\n<h2>Augmenting or diminishing integrity?<\/h2>\n<p>At the moment, little guidance, policy, or oversight is available regarding technology, AI, and academic integrity for teachers and educational leaders.<\/p>\n<p>Over the past year, COVID-19 has pushed more students towards online learning \u2014 a sphere where teachers may become less familiar with their own students and thus, potentially, their writing.<\/p>\n<p>While it remains impossible to predict the future of these technologies and their implications in education, we can attempt to discern some of the larger trends and trajectories that will impact teaching, learning, and research.<\/p>\n<h2>Technology &amp; automation in education<\/h2>\n<p>A key concern moving forward is the apparent movement towards the increased <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bustedcubicle.com\/features\/industry-disrupted\/education\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">automation of education<\/a> where educational technology companies offer commodities such as writing tools as proposed solutions for the various \u201cproblems\u201d within education.<\/p>\n<p>An example of this is automated assessment of student work, such as <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-68449-5_25\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">automated grading of student writing<\/a>. Numerous commercial products already exist for automated grading, though the ethics of these technologies are yet to be fully explored by scholars and educators.<\/p>\n<p>Overall, the traditional landscape surrounding academic integrity and authorship is being rapidly reshaped by technological developments. Such technological developments also spark concerns about a shift of <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0896920520948931\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">professional control away from educators<\/a> and ever-increasing <a href=\"https:\/\/ices.library.ubc.ca\/index.php\/criticaled\/article\/view\/186587\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">new expectations<\/a> of digital literacy in <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/how-universities-can-really-help-phd-grads-get-jobs-118241\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">precarious working environments<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>These complexities, concerns, and questions will require further thought and discussion. Educational stakeholders at all levels will be required to respond and rethink definitions as well as values surrounding plagiarism, originality, academic ethics, and academic labour in the very near future.<\/p>\n<p><em>The authors would like to sincerely thank Ryan Morrison, from George Brown College, who provided significant expertise, advice, and assistance with the development of this article.<img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/counter.theconversation.com\/content\/160481\/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic\" alt=\"The Conversation\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" class=\"js-lazy\"><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/counter.theconversation.com\/content\/160481\/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic\" alt=\"The Conversation\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" class><\/noscript><\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>Article by <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/michael-mindzak-713462\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">Michael Mindzak<\/a>, Assistant Professor, Faculty of Education, <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/brock-university-1340\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">Brock University<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/sarah-elaine-eaton-413174\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">Sarah Elaine Eaton<\/a>, Educational Leader in Residence, Academic Integrity and Assistant Professor, <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/university-of-calgary-1318\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">University of Calgary<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>This article is republished from <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">The Conversation<\/a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/artificial-intelligence-is-getting-better-at-writing-and-universities-should-worry-about-plagiarism-160481\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">original article<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n<p> <a href=\"https:\/\/thenextweb.com\/news\/plagiarism-improving-writing-students-essays-syndication\">Source<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The dramatic rise of online learning during the COVID-19 pandemic has spotlit concerns about the role of technology in exam surveillance \u2014 and also in student cheating. Some universities have reported more&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":8851,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[1],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8850"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=8850"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8850\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/8851"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=8850"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=8850"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=8850"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}