{"id":8977,"date":"2021-11-16T16:55:35","date_gmt":"2021-11-16T16:55:35","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/TheNextWeb=1373429"},"modified":"2021-11-16T16:55:35","modified_gmt":"2021-11-16T16:55:35","slug":"welcome-to-wasp-76b-the-exoplanet-with-metal-rain-and-2400c-temperatures","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/?p=8977","title":{"rendered":"Welcome to WASP-76b: The exoplanet with metal rain and 2,400C temperatures"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Ultra-hot Jupiters \u2014 named as such because of their physical similarities to the planet Jupiter \u2014 are exoplanets that orbit stars other than the sun with temperatures so high that the molecules in their atmospheres are <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/feature\/jpl\/water-is-destroyed-then-reborn-in-ultrahot-jupiters\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">completely torn apart<\/a>. They are among the most extreme environments in our galaxy.<\/p>\n<p>They also whip around their parent stars in orbits that only last a few days, and astronomers <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3847\/2041-8213\/abd84f\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">still aren\u2019t sure<\/a> how it\u2019s possible for them to form.<\/p>\n<p>While these harsh conditions might sound like they\u2019re as extreme as it gets, astronomers are starting to realize they may just be the tip of the (very hot) iceberg. In a recent study published in <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3847\/2041-8213\/ac2513\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\"><em>The Astrophysical Journal Letters<\/em><\/a>, my colleagues and I discovered that one of these exotic worlds in particular is even more extreme than we\u2019d ever thought.<\/p>\n<h2>Ultra-hot worlds<\/h2>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1051\/0004-6361\/201527276\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">Discovered in 2016<\/a>, WASP-76b is perhaps the most well-known of these ultra-hot worlds. At double the size of our own planet Jupiter, WASP-76b has day-side temperatures reaching a whopping 2,400 C, and takes less than two days to orbit its parent star. Its claim to fame, however, is a 2020 study suggesting that <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-020-2107-1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">liquid iron might literally be raining down from its skies<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>More recent research, yet to be peer-reviewed, has <a href=\"https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2109.00163\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">called this result into question<\/a>. But there\u2019s no doubt that the conditions on WASP-76b are totally unlike anything here on Earth. WASP-76b can therefore offer us a window into the most extreme physical and chemical processes in our galaxy, and studying its harsh alien conditions can help us place our own solar system into context.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"align-center zoomable\" readability=\"6\">\n<p><figure class=\"post-image post-mediaBleed aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/430847\/original\/file-20211108-19-13xs3rq.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=1000&amp;fit=clip\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/430847\/original\/file-20211108-19-13xs3rq.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip\" sizes=\"(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px\" alt=\"An illustration of a planet orbiting a large star\" width=\"600\" height=\"375\" class=\"js-lazy\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/430847\/original\/file-20211108-19-13xs3rq.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=375&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 600w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/430847\/original\/file-20211108-19-13xs3rq.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=375&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1200w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/430847\/original\/file-20211108-19-13xs3rq.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=375&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 1800w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/430847\/original\/file-20211108-19-13xs3rq.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=471&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 754w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/430847\/original\/file-20211108-19-13xs3rq.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=471&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1508w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/430847\/original\/file-20211108-19-13xs3rq.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=471&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 2262w\"><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/430847\/original\/file-20211108-19-13xs3rq.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip\" alt=\"An illustration of a planet orbiting a large star\" width=\"600\" height=\"375\" class srcset=\"https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/430847\/original\/file-20211108-19-13xs3rq.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=375&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 600w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/430847\/original\/file-20211108-19-13xs3rq.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=375&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1200w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/430847\/original\/file-20211108-19-13xs3rq.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=600&amp;h=375&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 1800w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/430847\/original\/file-20211108-19-13xs3rq.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=471&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=1 754w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/430847\/original\/file-20211108-19-13xs3rq.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=30&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=471&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=2 1508w, https:\/\/images.theconversation.com\/files\/430847\/original\/file-20211108-19-13xs3rq.jpeg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=15&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;h=471&amp;fit=crop&amp;dpr=3 2262w\"><\/noscript><\/a><figcaption><a href=\"https:\/\/thenextweb.com\/news\/wasp-76b-exoplanet-metal-rain-2400c-temperature-syndication#\" data-url=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/intent\/tweet?url=https%3A%2F%2Feditorial.thenextweb.com%2Fspace%2F2021%2F11%2F16%2Fwasp-76b-exoplanet-metal-rain-2400c-temperature-syndication%2F&amp;via=thenextweb&amp;related=thenextweb&amp;text=Check out this picture on: An artist\u2019s impression of a hot Jupiter planet, similar to WASP-76b, orbiting close to one of the stars in the rich old star cluster Messier 67. (European Space Observatory\/L. Cal\u00e7ada), CC BY\" data-title=\"Share An artist\u2019s impression of a hot Jupiter planet, similar to WASP-76b, orbiting close to one of the stars in the rich old star cluster Messier 67. (European Space Observatory\/L. Cal\u00e7ada), CC BY on Twitter\" data-width=\"685\" data-height=\"500\" class=\"post-image-share popitup\" title=\"Share An artist\u2019s impression of a hot Jupiter planet, similar to WASP-76b, orbiting close to one of the stars in the rich old star cluster Messier 67. (European Space Observatory\/L. Cal\u00e7ada), CC BY on Twitter\"><i class=\"icon icon--inline icon--twitter--dark\"><\/i><\/a>An artist\u2019s impression of a hot Jupiter planet, similar to WASP-76b, orbiting close to one of the stars in the rich old star cluster Messier 67. (European Space Observatory\/L. Cal\u00e7ada), CC BY<\/figcaption><\/figure><figcaption><\/figcaption><\/p>\n<\/figure>\n<h2>Atmospheric knowledge<\/h2>\n<p>Unfortunately, studying exoplanets \u2014 even massive ones like WASP-76b \u2014 is often easier said than done. The <a href=\"https:\/\/exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">4,500 exoplanets already discovered<\/a> are incredibly far away from us, and their parent stars are so bright that light from the exoplanets themselves gets completely washed out.<\/p>\n<p>Rather than looking at the exoplanets directly, we often have to find ways to infer their presence instead. These indirect methods have actually been responsible for most of the exoplanets we\u2019ve discovered. As a bonus, we can use these methods to peer into the exoplanets\u2019 atmospheres as well.<\/p>\n<p>This is the idea behind <a href=\"https:\/\/exoplanets.nasa.gov\/discovery\/how-we-find-and-characterize\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">transit spectroscopy<\/a>. When an exoplanet passes in front of, or transits, its parent star, the light from the star gets filtered through the exoplanet\u2019s atmosphere. Different atmospheric gases leave unique chemical imprints \u2014 like fingerprints \u2014 on the starlight, and by studying these fingerprints, we\u2019re able to learn which gases are present. This can help us learn more about what conditions on the exoplanet are actually like.<\/p>\n<p>In theory, you can do this for any exoplanet with an atmosphere, but it\u2019s easiest with atmospheres that are hot and puffed-up. Large, extended atmospheres leave stronger chemical imprints on their starlight, which makes them much easier for us to observe.<\/p>\n<p>This is precisely why our team chose WASP-76b as one of the first exoplanets to be observed by our new ExoGemS (Exoplanets with Gemini Spectroscopy) survey. Led by <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.google.com\/site\/astrojaketurner\/home\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">Jake Turner<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/astro.cornell.edu\/ray-jayawardhana\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">Ray Jayawardhana<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/research.astro.cornell.edu\/andrew-ridden-harper\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">Andrew Ridden-Harper<\/a> at Cornell University, the goal of the survey is to glimpse into the atmospheres of more than 40 exoplanets using the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.gemini.edu\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">Gemini North telescope in Hawaii<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h2>Extreme atmospheres<\/h2>\n<p>In this particular study, we observed WASP-76b for a period of four hours as it transited in front of its parent star. We were searching for the chemical fingerprints of metals in its atmosphere, because at these extreme temperatures, metals will actually vaporize into gas.<\/p>\n<p>WASP-76b had already been observed many times in the past, but our observations from the Gemini North telescope reached redder wavelengths of light than previously published results. This meant that we could search for chemical fingerprints that previous studies didn\u2019t have access to, shedding a much broader light on the exotic composition of this extreme world.<\/p>\n<p>What immediately stood out to us in our data was a series of three very strong absorption features at infrared wavelengths of light. We recognized these as the chemical fingerprint of ionized calcium \u2014 calcium atoms that have lost an electron \u2014 and the signal was so strong that we could actually see it moving around as the exoplanet orbited its parent star.<\/p>\n<p><span><\/p>\n<figure>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/BAN-l2rkOHE&amp;t=4s\" height=\"240\" width=\"320\" allowfullscreen frameborder=\"0\">[embedded content]<\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/figure>\n<p><!--resp-video-container--><\/span><\/p>\n<figure><figcaption><span class=\"caption\">A video by the European Southern Observatory showing the ultra-hot giant exoplanet WASP-76b.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Finding calcium in WASP-76b\u2019s atmosphere wasn\u2019t particularly surprising \u2014 a different set of calcium signals had <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1051\/0004-6361\/202039511\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">already been detected earlier this year<\/a>. What did surprise us was just how much ionized calcium we were seeing \u2014 much more than any of our theoretical models predicted we would.<\/p>\n<p>So what\u2019s going on? One possibility is that WASP-76b\u2019s atmosphere is even hotter than the 2,400 C we\u2019d previously thought. These extreme temperatures would strip electrons off of regular calcium atoms and the hotter the temperature, the more frequently this is going to occur.<\/p>\n<p>Another possibility is that powerful winds are unearthing ionized calcium atoms from the exoplanet\u2019s depths. A recent study actually suggested that <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1051\/0004-6361\/202140569\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">WASP-76b may have winds as fast as 22 kilometres per second<\/a>. For reference, <a href=\"https:\/\/public.wmo.int\/en\/media\/news\/new-world-record-wind-gust\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">the fastest winds ever measured on the Earth had a speed of less than one kilometre per second<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>In a fortunate coincidence, another team of astronomers used observations from the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.caha.es\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">Calar Alto Observatory in Spain<\/a> to detect this same ionized calcium signal in infrared light. Like us, their data showed <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1051\/0004-6361\/202141669\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">more ionized calcium than expected<\/a>. There\u2019s clearly much more going on in WASP-76b\u2019s atmosphere than we\u2019d thought.<\/p>\n<h2>Weird, wild atmosphere<\/h2>\n<p>WASP-76b has been observed by just about every major telescope out there, from the Gemini North telescope in Hawaii to the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.eso.org\/public\/teles-instr\/paranal-observatory\/vlt\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">Very Large Telescope in Chile<\/a> all the way up to the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/mission_pages\/hubble\/main\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">Hubble Space Telescope<\/a> in outer space. To fully piece together the puzzle of what\u2019s going on its atmosphere, we\u2019ll need to wait for observations from the powerful new <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/james-webb-space-telescope-an-astronomer-on-the-team-explains-how-to-send-a-giant-telescope-to-space-and-why-167516\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">James Webb Space Telescope<\/a> set to launch in December 2021.<\/p>\n<p>In the meantime, our ExoGemS survey will allow us to continue investigating the atmospheres of dozens of exoplanets \u2014 many of which have never been characterised \u2014 from right here on Earth. There\u2019s no doubt that WASP-76b\u2019s weird, wild atmosphere is just the beginning of what we\u2019re going to uncover.<!-- Below is The Conversation's page counter tag. Please DO NOT REMOVE. --><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/counter.theconversation.com\/content\/170188\/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic\" alt=\"The Conversation\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" class=\"js-lazy\"><!-- End of code. If you don't see any code above, please get new code from the Advanced tab after you click the republish button. The page counter does not collect any personal data. More info: https:\/\/theconversation.com\/republishing-guidelines --><\/p>\n<p><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/counter.theconversation.com\/content\/170188\/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic\" alt=\"The Conversation\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" class><\/noscript><\/p>\n<p><em>Article by <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/emily-deibert-974427\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">Emily Deibert<\/a>, PhD Candidate in Astronomy &amp; Astrophysics, <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/institutions\/university-of-toronto-1281\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">University of Toronto<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>This article is republished from <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">The Conversation<\/a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/weird-weather-metal-rain-and-super-high-temperatures-on-an-ultra-hot-exoplanet-170188\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">original article<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n<p> <a href=\"https:\/\/thenextweb.com\/news\/wasp-76b-exoplanet-metal-rain-2400c-temperature-syndication\">Source<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Ultra-hot Jupiters \u2014 named as such because of their physical similarities to the planet Jupiter \u2014 are exoplanets that orbit stars other than the sun with temperatures so high that the molecules&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":8978,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[1],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8977"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=8977"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8977\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/8978"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=8977"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=8977"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.londonchiropracter.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=8977"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}